T CELL ACTIVATION.pptx
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This document discusses T cell activation and maturation. It describes the processes of negative and positive selection that screen T cells. T cell activation occurs through engagement of the T cell receptor and co-stimulatory molecules by MHC peptide and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Binding of the T cell receptor provides the first signal, while co-stimulation provides the second signal required for an effective immune response.
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T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 22 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Genetic basis of antibody diversity
The document discusses the genetic basis of antibody diversity. It begins by defining key terms and describing the structure of antibody molecules. There are three families of immunoglobulin genes that encode the heavy chains, kappa chains, and lambda chains. Each gene cluster contains variable and constant region genes. During B cell development, V, D, and J gene segments undergo rearrangement to generate diversity. Additional diversity is created through junctional flexibility, addition of random nucleotides, and somatic hypermutation. This allows over a million combinations of heavy and light chains and an antibody repertoire of over 1 billion different antibodies. Isotype switching allows the same antigen specificity but a different class or isotype of antibody to be produced. Understanding immunoglobulin structure has enabled advances
B cell generation-activation_and_differentiation
B cells develop through several stages:
1) Generation in the bone marrow or fetal liver
2) Activation in the lymph nodes through interaction with antigens and T cells
3) Differentiation into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, or memory B cells
The key events in B cell activation and differentiation are Ig gene rearrangement, affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and formation of plasma cells and memory cells mediated by AID and specific cytokines in germinal centers. B cells can be activated through T cell dependent or independent pathways.
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
Cells of the immune system
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its main cells and functions. It discusses how immune cells such as lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and others work together to protect the body. The adaptive immune system mounts targeted responses through B cells and T cells, while the innate immune system provides initial defenses using cellular and chemical methods. Key cells include macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and present antigens, B cells that produce antibodies, and T cells that help activate other immune cells and identify and attack infected cells.
Humoral immune response
The document summarizes the humoral immune response. It involves B cells producing antibodies that destroy extracellular microorganisms and prevent spread of intracellular infections. The process begins when a bacterium is phagocytosed by an antigen presenting cell. The antigen is processed and displayed on the cell surface. This activates helper T cells, which trigger B cell activation and antibody production. The antibodies then bind to antigens on microorganisms, marking them for destruction by immune cells and complement proteins.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation allows T cells to recognize antigens by requiring their presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on cell surfaces. There are two pathways for antigen presentation: class I MHC presents endogenous antigens from inside cells to CD8 T cells, while class II MHC presents exogenous antigens from outside cells to CD4 T cells. The endogenous pathway involves cytosolic degradation and transport of antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to class I MHC, while the exogenous pathway involves antigen phagocytosis and degradation within endosomes and lysosomes before binding to class II MHC. These pathways keep self and non-self antigens separated and allow the appropriate T cell response to be activated.
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T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
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This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Genetic basis of antibody diversity
The document discusses the genetic basis of antibody diversity. It begins by defining key terms and describing the structure of antibody molecules. There are three families of immunoglobulin genes that encode the heavy chains, kappa chains, and lambda chains. Each gene cluster contains variable and constant region genes. During B cell development, V, D, and J gene segments undergo rearrangement to generate diversity. Additional diversity is created through junctional flexibility, addition of random nucleotides, and somatic hypermutation. This allows over a million combinations of heavy and light chains and an antibody repertoire of over 1 billion different antibodies. Isotype switching allows the same antigen specificity but a different class or isotype of antibody to be produced. Understanding immunoglobulin structure has enabled advances
B cell generation-activation_and_differentiation
B cells develop through several stages:
1) Generation in the bone marrow or fetal liver
2) Activation in the lymph nodes through interaction with antigens and T cells
3) Differentiation into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, or memory B cells
The key events in B cell activation and differentiation are Ig gene rearrangement, affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and formation of plasma cells and memory cells mediated by AID and specific cytokines in germinal centers. B cells can be activated through T cell dependent or independent pathways.
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
Cells of the immune system
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its main cells and functions. It discusses how immune cells such as lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and others work together to protect the body. The adaptive immune system mounts targeted responses through B cells and T cells, while the innate immune system provides initial defenses using cellular and chemical methods. Key cells include macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and present antigens, B cells that produce antibodies, and T cells that help activate other immune cells and identify and attack infected cells.
Humoral immune response
The document summarizes the humoral immune response. It involves B cells producing antibodies that destroy extracellular microorganisms and prevent spread of intracellular infections. The process begins when a bacterium is phagocytosed by an antigen presenting cell. The antigen is processed and displayed on the cell surface. This activates helper T cells, which trigger B cell activation and antibody production. The antibodies then bind to antigens on microorganisms, marking them for destruction by immune cells and complement proteins.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation allows T cells to recognize antigens by requiring their presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on cell surfaces. There are two pathways for antigen presentation: class I MHC presents endogenous antigens from inside cells to CD8 T cells, while class II MHC presents exogenous antigens from outside cells to CD4 T cells. The endogenous pathway involves cytosolic degradation and transport of antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to class I MHC, while the exogenous pathway involves antigen phagocytosis and degradation within endosomes and lysosomes before binding to class II MHC. These pathways keep self and non-self antigens separated and allow the appropriate T cell response to be activated.
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T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
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Antibody diversity
The document summarizes the key mechanisms by which the human immune system generates a diverse repertoire of antibodies from a relatively small number of genes. It describes the somatic variation theory where mutation and recombination of immunoglobulin genes in somatic cells results in high antibody diversity. It explains processes like V(D)J recombination of light and heavy chain genes, junctional diversity, allelic exclusion, somatic hypermutation, and class switching which all contribute to antibody diversity.
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Isotypes allotypes and idiotypes
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Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Antibody affinity and avidity
Antibody affinity is a measure of the strength of interaction between an antibody's antigen binding site and its target epitope. It is quantified by the affinity constant Ka, with higher values indicating tighter binding. A high affinity antibody binds its antigen more strongly and for longer than a low affinity antibody. Antibody avidity takes into account not just affinity but also the multivalency of antibodies and antigens, which allows for multiple binding interactions that further strengthen complex formation. High avidity can compensate for low individual binding affinities through cooperative multivalent binding effects.
2. immune regulation
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The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
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The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
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1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
General organization and inheritance of MHC
The document summarizes key aspects of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) MHC genes are organized into three classes - Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III genes encode proteins involved in immune responses.
2) MHC genes show high levels of polymorphism between individuals and encode cell surface proteins that play an important role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self.
3) MHC is inherited as haplotypes from each parent, resulting in individuals expressing two sets of MHC molecules and high diversity in human populations.
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T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
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T cells mature in the thymus where they undergo positive and negative selection to ensure MHC restriction and self-tolerance. Upon activation, T cells require two signals - signal 1 through the TCR interacting with MHC-peptide and signal 2 through co-stimulatory molecules like CD28 and B7 interacting. Without co-stimulation, T cells become anergic or apoptotic. Certain antigens called superantigens can bypass normal antigen recognition and cause polyclonal activation by binding both the TCR and MHC. After activation, T cells differentiate into effector and memory populations, and activation-induced cell death regulates termination.
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Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Prabeen
The document discusses the immune system and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It describes how the immune system protects the body through identification, neutralization, and destruction of pathogens using cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also explains that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens, marking them for elimination. ADCC involves antibodies binding to target cells, cytotoxic cells attaching via Fc receptors on the antibodies, activation of the cytotoxic cells, and lysis of the target cell.
T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
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This document discusses antigens and their classification. It defines antigens as substances that can induce an immune response. Antigens are classified as either exogenous (external) or endogenous (internal) antigens. Exogenous antigens enter the body from the external environment, while endogenous antigens are further divided into xeno-genic, allogenic, and autologous antigens based on their origin. The document also discusses the properties of immunogens and antigens, as well as factors that contribute to immunogenicity.
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T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
Innate immunity
Immunology . classification of immunology. terminology of immunology. detail description of innate immunity. classification of innate immunity. Barrier of innate immune system, immune responses , cellular innate response receptors and signaling , PAMPS and DAMPS, Toll like receptors, Phagocytosis , cellular components of innate immunity, innate lymphoid cells, complement pathways, Mannose binding lecthin pathway, alternative pathway, inflammations, process of inflammations, fever mechanism , factor affecting innate systems, defects in innate immunity, deficiency in innate immunity, disease therapy
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The document summarizes the key mechanisms by which the human immune system generates a diverse repertoire of antibodies from a relatively small number of genes. It describes the somatic variation theory where mutation and recombination of immunoglobulin genes in somatic cells results in high antibody diversity. It explains processes like V(D)J recombination of light and heavy chain genes, junctional diversity, allelic exclusion, somatic hypermutation, and class switching which all contribute to antibody diversity.
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IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Antigenic determinants
There are three major categories of antigenic determinants on immunoglobulin molecules: isotypic, allotypic, and idiotypic determinants. Isotypic determinants distinguish each antibody class and subclass within a species. Allotypic determinants are subtle amino acid differences encoded by different alleles of isotype genes. Idiotypic determinants are generated by the conformation of the amino acid sequences of the heavy- and light-chain variable regions specific for each antigen.
Antigens, hapteins, immunogens lectures 10.1.06
An antigen is any substance that reacts with lymphocytes, while immunogens generate immune responses. Haptens are small molecules that require coupling to carriers to induce responses. Antibody-antigen binding depends on weak interactions between sites on antibodies and epitopes on antigens. Antibodies are produced with a wide variety of binding sites to recognize different antigenic determinants. Factors like foreignness, size, structure, and route of administration influence a substance's immunogenicity.
Isotypes allotypes and idiotypes
There are 5 major antibody isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA - which differ based on their heavy chain. The heavy chain determines the isotype and can be mu, delta, gamma, epsilon, or alpha. Light chains can be either kappa or lambda with any isotype. IgG is the most abundant in humans while IgE is the least. Isotypes are located in the constant region of the heavy and light chains. Allotypes are specified by allelic forms of immunoglobulin genes and are also in the constant regions. Idiotypes are unique epitopes located in the variable regions of individual antibody molecules.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Tcr
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Antibody affinity and avidity
Antibody affinity is a measure of the strength of interaction between an antibody's antigen binding site and its target epitope. It is quantified by the affinity constant Ka, with higher values indicating tighter binding. A high affinity antibody binds its antigen more strongly and for longer than a low affinity antibody. Antibody avidity takes into account not just affinity but also the multivalency of antibodies and antigens, which allows for multiple binding interactions that further strengthen complex formation. High avidity can compensate for low individual binding affinities through cooperative multivalent binding effects.
2. immune regulation
The document discusses various methods of immune regulation, including both immunosuppression and immunopotentiation. It describes several classes of immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids, thiopurines, alkylating agents, and monoclonal antibodies that can suppress the immune system. The document also discusses methods to potentiate the immune response through cytokines, adoptive immunotherapy, or vaccination. It outlines several immunological assays and techniques used to measure antibodies, cytokines, complement levels, and detect DNA sequences for diagnostic purposes.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
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The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Lecture on Antigen processing and presentation pathways
1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
General organization and inheritance of MHC
The document summarizes key aspects of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) MHC genes are organized into three classes - Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III genes encode proteins involved in immune responses.
2) MHC genes show high levels of polymorphism between individuals and encode cell surface proteins that play an important role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self.
3) MHC is inherited as haplotypes from each parent, resulting in individuals expressing two sets of MHC molecules and high diversity in human populations.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
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T cells mature in the thymus where they undergo positive and negative selection to ensure MHC restriction and self-tolerance. Upon activation, T cells require two signals - signal 1 through the TCR interacting with MHC-peptide and signal 2 through co-stimulatory molecules like CD28 and B7 interacting. Without co-stimulation, T cells become anergic or apoptotic. Certain antigens called superantigens can bypass normal antigen recognition and cause polyclonal activation by binding both the TCR and MHC. After activation, T cells differentiate into effector and memory populations, and activation-induced cell death regulates termination.
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Cell-mediated immunity involves the detection and elimination of intracellular pathogens and tumor cells by cells of the immune system. It is mediated by T cells, including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper cells. CD8+ T cells directly kill infected cells through release of perforins and granzymes, while CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that activate macrophages and other immune cells. Natural killer cells and macrophages also contribute to cell-mediated immunity through non-specific cytotoxic mechanisms. The activation and differentiation of T cells requires recognition of antigen presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells as well as co-stimulatory signals. Cytokines further regulate the development of T cell subsets such as Th1 and Th
Tolerance of immune system.pptx
Central and peripheral tolerance are mechanisms that establish immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. Peripheral tolerance uses additional mechanisms like clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and suppression to silence self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance. Failure of tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
12 cellular basis of imune response
1) Antigen processing and presentation involves extracellular and intracellular proteins being degraded into peptides and bound to MHC class I or II molecules. These peptide-MHC complexes are expressed on antigen presenting cells and recognized by T cells to initiate an immune response.
2) T cells are activated through recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by their T cell receptors along with co-stimulatory signals. Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T cells.
3) Effector T cells stimulate immune responses like activating macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens, leading to delayed type hypersensitivity reactions which can cause tissue damage if infection is not resolved.
Immunotolerance: mechanism and consequence
The document discusses several key mechanisms by which the immune system maintains tolerance to self-antigens to avoid autoimmunity. These include central tolerance in the thymus through negative selection which deletes self-reactive T cells, peripheral tolerance through ignorance, anergy, suppression and regulatory T cells, and the concept that tolerance is the default response unless danger signals are present to trigger an immune response. The timing of antigen exposure is also important, as antigens encountered during early development are more likely to induce tolerance.
Manisha t cell
This document summarizes the key stages in T-cell maturation, activation, and differentiation. It discusses how T-cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to screen for self-MHC restriction and eliminate self-reactive cells. Activation requires signal 1 through TCR-antigen-MHC interaction and signal 2 via co-stimulatory molecules. Upon activation, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or effector cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cells leave the thymus as naive cells and, upon antigen recognition, can become activated and further differentiate.
Immunological tolerance
PowerPoint file for topic "Immunological Tolerance"
Made by a student of Zoology at University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity disorders occur when the immune system mounts an attack against the body's own tissues and organs. They are difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific initial symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, and the potential for multiple autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods include initial laboratory tests of inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, immunological studies, flow cytometry to analyze immune cells, cytokine studies, and examination of major histocompatibility complex genes associated with autoimmunity. A variety of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and other cellular components can indicate autoimmune disease patterns and targets.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Immunological tolerance and mechanisms involved
Immunological tolerance is the unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens that have been encountered before. Tolerance to self-antigens, called self-tolerance, is important so the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues. Self-tolerance is achieved through central tolerance in the thymus and peripheral tolerance in mature lymphocytes. Central tolerance eliminates self-reactive T cells, while peripheral tolerance uses regulatory T cells, cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, and apoptosis to control self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
Immunologic tolerance
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (adaptive immunity)
Basic Immunology from the Dermatological point of view. Introduction to the major components of adaptive immunity.
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T CELL ACTIVATION.pptx
- 3. • Negative selection: The process by which T cells are screened so that those with a high affinity for binding to self antigens (and potentially causing autoimmunity) are destroyed. • Positive selection: The process by which T cells are screened so that only those capable of binding to MHC are kept alive.
- 4. THREE PHASES 1. ANTIGEN RECOGNITION PHASE 2. ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION PHASE 3. EFFECTOR PHASE T CELLACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTATION
- 5. T CELLACTIVATION • Activation of T cells occurs through the simultaneous engagement of the T-cell receptor and a co-stimulatory molecule (like CD4 or CD28) on the T cell by the major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) peptide and co- stimulatory molecules on the APC. • Both are required for production of an effective immune response; in the absence of co-stimulation, T cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. – Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances
- 6. FIRST SIGNAL • The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to its peptide presented on MHCII on an APC. • Peptides presented to CD8+ T cells by MHC class I molecules are 8–13 amino acids in length. • Peptides presented to CD4+ cells by MHC class II molecules are longer, usually 12–25 amino acids in length.
- 7. SECOND SIGNAL • The second signal comes from co-stimulation. in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually – products of pathogens, – sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as necrotic-bodies or heat shock proteins. The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen. Without it, the T cell becomes anergic, and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future.
- 8. CD28