The document discusses the anatomical features of insect wings, emphasizing their structure, venation, and classification. It details the presence of wings in different insect subclasses and introduces the Comstock-Needham system for mapping wing venation. Additionally, it outlines various types of veins found in insect wings and provides examples of different insect orders based on their wing characteristics.

2. WING
 wing is one of the most characterstic feature
of insects.
 In majority of insects mesothorax and meta
thorax carries a pair of wings.
 On the basis of presence of wings class
insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA

3. AREAS OF WINGS
The wing is triangular in shape having 3 margins-
1. ANTERIOR MARGININ OR COSTA
2. OUTER OR APICAL MARGIN
3. INNER OR ANAL MARGIN

4. WING VENATION
 Each of the wings consists of a thin membrane
supported by a system of veins i.e called
venation.

5. •The membrane is formed by two layers of integument closely
apposed, while the veins are formed where the two layers
remain separate.
• sometimes the lower cuticle is thicker and more
heavily sclerotized under a vein.
•Within each of the major veins there is a nerve and a trachea.
• since the cavities of the veins are connected with
the hemocoel , hemolymph can flow into the wings.

6.  The lines of venation have been “mapped” with a
common terminology called Comstock–Needham
system.
 It was devised by John Comstock and
George Needham in 1898.
 It was an important step in showing the homology of
all insect wings.

 This system was based on Needham's pre-
tracheation theory that was later discredited by

7. VEINS
 The principal veins run more-or-less lengthwise on the
wing--thus called longitudinal veins.
 Connecting them are a lesser number of cross-veins.
 A closed area bounded by veins is called a cell.

8. TYPES OF VEINS
 According to current dogma, the archedictyon
contained 6–8 longitudinal veins.
 These veins (and their branches) are named
according to a system devised by John
Comstock and George Needham.

10.  Costa (C) – the leading edge of the wing
 Subcosta (Sc) – second longitudinal vein (behind the
costa), typically unbranched.
 Radius (R) – third longitudinal vein, one to five branches
reach the wing margin
 Media (M) – fourth longitudinal vein, one to four branches
reach the wing margin
 Cubitus (Cu) – fifth longitudinal vein, one to three
branches reach the wing margin
 Anal veins (A1, A2, A3) – unbranched veins behind the
cubitus

11. CROSS-VEINS
 C-Sc cross-veins – run between the costa and
subcosta
 R cross-veins – run between adjacent branches of
the radius
 R-M cross-veins – run between the radius and
media

13. ORDER:BLATTODEA (cockroach)

14. ORDER:COLEOPTERA (beetles)

15. ORDER:DERMAPTERA
(earwigs)

16. ORDER:DIPTERA (flies and mosquitos)
•Single vein R2+3 inspite of separate
R1 and R3.
•R4 and R5 are also modified as single
vein

17. ORDER:EPHEMEROPTERA
(mayflies)

18. ORDER:HEMIPTERA
(diving beetles,cicadas)

19. ORDER:HYMENOPTERA
(Bees,bumblebees,wasp,ants)

20. ORDER:ISOPTERA
(TERMITES)

21. ORDER:LEPIDOPTERA
(BUTTERFLIES,MOTHS)

22. ORDER:MANTODEA
(PRAYING MANTIS)

23. ORDER:MECOPTERA
(SCORPION FLIES)

24. ORDER:NEUROPTERA
(LACEWIGS)

25. ORDER:ODONATA
(DRAGONFLIES)

26. ORDER:ORTHOPTERA
(GRASSHOPPER,LOCUST)