Lymph and lymphoid organs ,their composition,functions ,classifications along with diagrammatic representation,were explained.Which were the organs of lymphatic System and their functions regulations were also described in detail.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
Lymph and lymphoid organs ,their composition,functions ,classifications along with diagrammatic representation,were explained.Which were the organs of lymphatic System and their functions regulations were also described in detail.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
contents of ppt include introduction, embryology, lymphatic organs and tissues, classification of lymph nodes, tnm staging, diseases of lymph nodes, classification of lymph node, inspection and palpation of lymph nodes, composition of lymph, function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. Chapt 21: The Lymphatic and
Immune Systems
Goals
1. Discuss the organization of the lymphatic system,
including the vessels, principal lymph nodes,
thymus, and spleen
2. Explain the relationship between the lymphatic
and circulatory systems, and the role of lymphoid
tissue structures and lymphocytes in the body’s
defense
3. An introduction to the Immune System
Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
2. Overview of the Lymphatic
System
Includes, vessels, fluid, and nodes or
nonsecreting "glands".
Lymphatic vessels convey fluid from
the periphery to the veins.
The fluid, lymph (=clear water), is
what seeps out of the blood at the
peripheral capillaries. Composition
is similar to plasma without as
much protein
Fig 20.1
3. Overview of the Lymphatic
System
Lymphatic organs or tissues ("glands”
is a misnomer) are filtering areas
and arenas of lymphocyte
maturation and competency.
Accessory to cardiovascular system,
thus there are two drainage
systems.
Fig 20.1
4. Major Functions of the
Lymphatic System
1. Filtration of lymph
2. Return of leaked fluid to
cardiovascular system
3. “Education” and
production of immune
system lymphocytes
4. Transport of digested
lipids from small intestinal
lacteals
5. Lymph Capillaries
Thin walled endothelium (no
BM) with periodic one way
valves. In general ,they
parallel veins.
– Usually not visible on tissue
sections
Lymph capillaries converge
into collecting vessels
6. Lymph Capillaries
Closed ends allow fluid flow
inward only
– Also bacteria, viruses, cancer
cells
Pick up and recycle extra
tissue fluid
The fluid flows to lymph
nodes
7. Lymph Capillaries
Located everywhere, except
for CNS, bone marrow, cornea
and cartilage.
– (XS fluid in CNS becomes part of
CSF)
Special set of lymph
capillaries in villi of small
intestine = Lacteals
– Fat Absorption
– To liver
8. Lymphatic vessels
Comparable in structure to
capillaries, and in turn, veins.
Thin walls!
Hard to find in a general
dissection
Damaged valves or blocked
lymph vessels edema
9. Right
lymphatic
duct
Right Left subclavian vein
subclavian
vein
Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
Lymph capillaries
converge to become
collecting vessels
and end up as either
Thoracic duct or
right lymphatic duct
Cysterna Chyli
11. 1. Lymph Nodes
~ 500 ( 1mm to 25 mm)
Bean-shaped with hilus, cortex and
medulla
Several afferent vessels, one efferent
vessel
Function: filter
Popular term “lymph gland” is
misnomer. Why?
Contain lots of Lymphocytes,
Macrophages and Plasma Cells Fig 23.9
Clinical application: Swollen lymph
nodes
12. Distribution of LNs
Cervical lymph nodes - drain head and neck
Axillary lymph nodes - drain arms and breasts
Popliteal lymph nodes - drain legs
Inguinal lymph nodes - drain lower limb
Thoracic lymph nodes - drain thoracic viscera
Abdominal lymph nodes - drain pelvic region
Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes - drain abdominal
viscera
14. Tonsils, p629
Simple lymphoid organs
– “Lymph nodules”
In the mouth/pharynx Fig 22.3, page 639
– Lingual tonsil on posterior
aspect of tongue
– Palatine -- lateral pharynx,
removed in tonsillectomy
– Pharyngeal – AKA adenoids
– Tubal, behind Eustachian
Tubes
15. Lymphoid Tissue
Connective tissue is loaded with
lymphocytes
= adenoids
Lymphoid nodules are unencapsulated
clusters of lymphocytes ( ~ 1mm).
Found beneath epithelial lining of
respiratory, digestive & urinary tracts,
etc.
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
(MALT) in GI tract
– 5 tonsils
– aggregate lymphoid nodules in
small intestine (= Peyer’s patches)
– appendix - walls contain lymphoid
tissue
16. 2. Thymus
Location above heart, posterior to sternum
Divided into lobules
Only lymphoid organ that does NOT fight antigens, it
functions as “T-cell academy”
Involution after puberty
Epithelial cells produce thymic hormones, thymosin and
thymopoetin
17. 3. Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ, located in LUQ
Soft and very blood rich
Red pulp sinusoids containing RBCs
white pulp lymphoid tissue
Major Functions:
1. Initiation of Immune response to
antigens in blood
2. Removal of aged and defective RBCs, Fe
salvaging
3. Reservoir for new RBCs
19. Bone Marrow:
Lymphopoiesis
Lymphocytes are also
produced in thymus,
spleen and tonsils
20. The Immune System
The primary defense against
disease
– Infectious, especially
– Specific
Centered around the activity of
lymphocytes
– Other cells, too.
Neutrophil with Bacillus anthracis
21. Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes - large nuclei and small amount of cytoplasm
Function in identification and inactivation/destruction of
pathogens
Types of Lymphocytes
1. T Cells - cellular immunity - specific for previously identified
pathogens. AKA “cytotoxic cells.”
2. B Cells - humoral immunity – become plasma cells, which
produce antibodies specific to the antigen or pathogen;
memory cells for future exposures
3. NK (Natural Killer) cells - non-specific, provide immunological
surveillance, recognition of “non-self”
22. Antibodies (Ab)
AKA immunoglobulins (Ig)
Proteins produced by plasma cells in
response to a specific antigen (Ag)
– Plasma cells are derived from B-
lymphocytes IgG
Antibodies [Ab] frequently measured
as a diagnostic tool
– Serology
23. 5 subclasses of Igs:
1. IgG: main Ab (75%) in serum; + main Ab
during 2o response
2. IgA: main Ab in external secretions
3. IgE: main Ab in allergic reactions
4. IgM: Ab on virgin B-cells; + main Ab during 1o
response
5. IgD: Ab on virgin B-cells