The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
It is in these organs where the cells of the immune system do their actual job of fighting off germs and foreign substances.
Bone marrow. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found inside the bones. ...
Thymus. The thymus is located behind the breastbone above the heart. ...
Lymph nodes. ...
Spleen. ...
Tonsils. ...
Mucous membranes.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
It is in these organs where the cells of the immune system do their actual job of fighting off germs and foreign substances.
Bone marrow. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found inside the bones. ...
Thymus. The thymus is located behind the breastbone above the heart. ...
Lymph nodes. ...
Spleen. ...
Tonsils. ...
Mucous membranes.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Identify the organs of primary and secondary immune system- lymphoid organs, Know the functions of lymphoid organs, Understand the importance of lymphoid organs and Lymphatic circulatory system
Thymus gland and spleen by Mohammad MufarrehMMufarreh
A brief overview of the biology of the thymus, T cell development and the immunological and pathological aspects of thymus function.
The spleen is described in a nutshell.
Suitable for teaching undergraduates and reviewing for postgraduates.
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
Types of organs system.
∆Primary organs
Immature lymphocytes generated in hematopoiesis mature and become committed to a particular antigenic specificity within the primary lymphoid organs
Only after a lymphocytes has matured within a primary lymphoid organ is the cell immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response).
T cells arise in the thymus, and in many mammals—humans
-Bone marrow -supports self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into mature blood cells.
bone marrow is the site of B-cell origin and development
the long bones (femur, humerus), hip bones (ileum), and sternum tend to be the most active
contains several cell types that coordinate HSC development.
-Thymus
∆secondary organs
Lymph nodes and the spleen are the most highly organized of the secondary lymphoid organs and are compartmentalized from the rest of the body by a fibrous capsule.
lymphoid tissue is organized into structures called lymphoid follicles,
Until it is activated by antigen, a lymphoid follicle—called a primary follicle—comprises a network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
After an antigenic challenge, a primary follicle becomes a larger secondary follicle—a ring of concentrically packed B lymphocytes surrounding a center (the germinal center)
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Associated tissue
-MALT
-GALT
-BALT
-CALT
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
4. PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Lymphoid stem cells undergo proliferation
differentiation and maturation into T and B cells.
Acquire antigen specific reception.
After maturation T and B cells migrate to
secondary lymphoid organs.
In mammals - Thymus, Bone marrow
In Birds -Thymus, Bursa of Fabricius
Major sites of Lymphopoiesis
T cell - Thymus, B cell - Bone marrow
Control Peripheral Lymphoid Organs.
5. THYMUS
Bilobed organ.
Situated above the heart.
Each lobe enclosed by capsule
Each lobule separated by connective tissue called
trabeculae.
Outer Cortex –
Inner Medulla –
Immature T cells in called – Thymocytes
Thymic epithetical cells in outer cortex called Nurse
cells.
Hassall's corpuscles – contain degenerating epithelial
cells.
6. Site of T cell development and maturation.
Development of cell mediated immunity.
Thymic epithelial cells produce hormones thymosin
and thymopoietin.
T cell receptor generated.
Recognizing antigen MHC complex.
T cells protect body from infection.
7. Removal of thymus from newborn mice.
Decrease in circulating lymphocytes.
Absence of cell mediated immunity.
Increase in infectious disease.
Congential birth defect in humans
[ Diveorge’s Syndrome ]
Mice – mude mice
Aging – decline in thymic function
Maximal size at puberty.
8. BONE MARROW
Site of blood cell formation.
B cell origin and mature
E.g. Humans and Mice
Fat cells, bony tissue, dendritic cells
Stomatal cells interact with B cells
Secrete cytokines.
Selection process occur.
It is not the site of B cell development in all species.
9. BURSA OF FABRICIUS
Gut associated lymphoid organs.
[ Birds ]
Lymph epithelial tissue.
Hindgut of chicken.
Multiply and differentiate into B lymphocytes.
Immuno globulins synthesis.
Described by Fabricus in 1621.
Humoral immunity in birds.
Absent in mammals ( primates, rodents ).
10. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Organs in which antibodies are formed.
Antigen trapping and lymph filtration mechanism.
Receive immuno competenal cells (primary lymphoid
organ for making them and active).
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
11. LYMPH NODES
Solid encapsulated bean shaped structure.
Seen in Armpits, Mesenteries.
Network packed with lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic
cells.
Three concentric regions :-
Cortex , Para cortex, Medulla
CORTEX :-
Outer most layer
Contains lymphocytes, macrophage, follicular dendritic
cells arranged in primary follicle
Lymphoid tissues organized into structures - lymphoid
follicle.
Lymphoid follicle activated by antigen – primary follicle
[ Follicular Dendritic Cell, Resting B Cell ]
12. Primary follicle develop into secondary follicle.
In children with B cell deficiency cortex lack primary
follicles and germinal centers.
PARACORTEX :-
[ T lymphocytes, interdigiting dendritic cells ].
Thymus dependent area – Para cortex
Thymus independent area – Cortex
Class II MHC present.
MEDULLA :-
Inner most layer
13.
14. Antigen reaches regional node (lymph)
It is trapped
Class II MHC molecules – Antigen ( interdigitating
dendritic cells)
Resulting activation of TH cells.
Activation of B cells.
Initial activation of B cells take place within Para cortex.
B cells differentiate into plasma cell.
Secreting IgG.
Secondary follicle develop.
( Follicular dendritic cell, B cell, TH cell )
15. SPLEEN
Bean shaped organ.
Left side of abdominal cavity.
Specializes in filtering blood and trapping blood borne
antigens.
Blood borne antigens, lymphocytes into spleen through
splenic artery.
Spleen surrounded by capsule.
Two types of compartment red and white pulp.
Red pulp – network of sinusoids macrophage, RBC,
lymphocyte.
Old and defective RBC destroy.
White pulp - consist of lymphoid tissue, T and B
lymphocytes.
White pulps surrounds branches of splenic artery
forming Per arteriolar Lymphoid Sheath (PALS).
Marginal zone located peripheral to PALS
[ Lymphocytes and Macrophages].
16.
17. Blood borne antigen and lymphocytes
(Splenic artery)
Spleen
Marginal Zone [trapped by interdigiting dendritic cells]
PALS
Initial activation of Band T cell in – PALS
Dendritic cell capture antigen
Combined with MHC molecule and TH cells
Activates B cells
Primary follicles in marginal zone
Secondary follicles [ germinal centre]
Rapidly dividing B cells
Plasma cells - antibody production
18. In children, splenectomy – increases bacterial sepsis,
pneumonia, influence.
Splenectomy in adult – increase in blood borne bacterial
infection.
19. MUCOSA ASSOSCIATED LYMPHOID
TISSUE
Lymphoid tissue in mucosal epithelial surface – MALT
Antibody producing plasma cells.
Nasal associated lymphoid tissue – back of nose,
palate, base of tongue, tonsils
Handling airborne microbes
Tonsils defend against antigen entire through nasal
and oral epithelial route
Respiratory, Uriogential, Gastrointestinal tract
The endocytose antigen from lumen
Mucous membrane – effective barrier
Non specific immunity
20. Peyer’s patches found in ileum.
Round patches of lymphatic nodes
Develop into secondary follicle in germinal center
Antigen transport by specialized M cells.
Pockets of M cells – B cells, T cells, Macrophages
M cells locate in inductive sites
21. Antigen transported across mucous membrane by M
cells
Activate B cells in follicle
Differentiate into plasma cells
Secrete 1gA class of antibodies
Transported across epithelial cells
Secretary 1gA into lumen
Interact with antigen