This document discusses the main biomolecules found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their building blocks, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates like glucose are a main energy source and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids store energy and form cell membranes, with examples being triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Proteins have amino acids and roles like structure, defense, and catalysis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and provide energy, with DNA in the nucleus and RNA in the nucleus or cytoplasm.

1. By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

2. Organic Compounds
These are compounds that contain
primarily of Carbon, Hydrogen and
oxygen. Example: Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids

3. Carbohydrates
has general formula of (CH2O)n
where n = 3, 4, 5, 6 ... (Building block:
Monosaccharide)
main source of energy. It is the first
biomolecule that is used up by the
body to generate energy.

4. Types of Carbohydrates
According to
number of carbons
According to
Complexity

5. According to number of carbons
Types of Carbohydrates
1. Trioses – (3-carbon sugar)
Ex: Pyruvic acid
2. Tetroses – (4-carbon sugar)
Ex: Erythrose
3. Pentoses – (5-carbon sugar)
Ex: Ribose and Deoxyribose, can be found in nucleic acids such as
DNA and RNA
4. Hexose – (6-carbon sugar)
Ex: Glucose

6. According to Complexity
Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide – consists of one simple sugar.
2. Disaccharide – consists of two simple sugars.
3. Polysaccharide – complex sugars, have
storage and structural roles

7. According to Complexity
Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide – consists of one simple sugar.
Glucose (Blood Sugar) Galactose Fructose (Fruit Sugar)

9. According to Complexity
Types of Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharide – consists of two simple sugars.
Maltose (Malt sugar) Sucrose (Table Sugar) Lactose (Milk Sugar)

10. According to Complexity
Types of Carbohydrates
3. Polysaccharide – complex sugars, have storage and structural roles
Cellulose Chitin Starch Glycogen

11. Also known as fats in layman's term.
Lipids
Building blocks: Fatty Acids (long chain) and
glycerol (short-chained alcohol in nature)

12. Characteristics: Insoluble to water, more reduced than
carbohydrates (less oxygen), Adipocyte (fat cells)

13.  double bond in lipid chain is
served as point of
unsaturation.

14. Main Functions
Lipids
Reserved energy
Provide insulation – Mechanical (Protection) and
Electrical (Protect nerves and help to conduct
electrochemical impulses through myelin sheath)
Supply essential fatty acids
Formation of cell membrane
Help transport the fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
Gives palatability and aroma

16. Kinds of Lipids
Triacylglycerol or Triglycerides –
neutral fats, contributes to the
structure of cell membrane. They are
abundant in the brain and spaces
between intestines.
Waxes – esters of long
chain alcohols. Ex:
Beeswax
1.Simple Lipids – contains fatty acids and alcohol (glycerol)

17. Kinds of Lipids2. Compound Lipids – consists of fatty acids, glycerol
(alcohol) and other chemicals
Example: Phospholipids – consists of phosphate head
(Hydrophilic) and lipids tail (Hydrophobic).
Glycolipids – lipids containing
carbohydrates. They are
commonly found outside
of the cell membrane
which serves also as barrier
and sometimes receptors
for the cells.

18. Kinds of Lipids3. Derived Lipids – these are lipids that require precursors
to be formed via metabolism (catabolism and anabolism).
- Steroids – derived from cholesterols. They formed sex hormones
released by sex glands. It also includes bile salt (from gall
bladder). C-3, Carbon has functional group of R-OH (alcohol).

19. Kinds of Lipids3. Derived Lipids – these are lipids that require precursors
to be formed via metabolism (catabolism and anabolism).
- Terpenes – are the primary constituents of the essential oils of
many types of plants (ex: isoterpenes) and flowers.
- also, Vitamin A,E,K are belong to terpenes.

20. Proteins
Building Blocks: Amino Acids
(Consists of amine group or N-
terminus and carboxylic
group or C-terminus)
Peptide bond, type of bond
form between linkage of
amino acids

21. Main Functions
Proteins
Regulation in the form of hormones ex: Insulin
Transport -- ex: Hemoglobin transfer O2 in the blood to the organ
Structure – ex: Keratin (Hair and skin), elastin and collagen (skin and
connective tissues)
Defense – Antibodies Ig’s (immunoglobulin)
Catalysis in the form of enzymes
Movement (Actin and myosin – muscle tissue), (tubulin and flagellin
– flagella)
Storage (for future use)
Communication – receptors

27. Nucleic AcidsBuilding blocks: Nucleotide (consists of Pentose sugar,
phosphate and Nitrogenous bases – Purines = Adenine
and Guanine; Pyrimidine = Cytosine, Thymine and
Uracil)
Includes Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
Nucleoside = sugar + Nitrogenous bases
Nucleotides = sugar + Nitrogenous bases + phosphate
Linkage: PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS and Glycosidic Bonds

28. Main Functions
Nucleic Acids
 Carries genetic information (heredity)
 Provides energy (ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP)
Comparison of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
1. Structure Double helix Single stranded
2. Chemical
Composition
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous Bases: A- T, C - G
Ribose sugar
Nitrogenous Bases: A- U, C - G
3. Location Nucleus (Primary), some are in
Mitochondrion and Chloroplast
(extra-chromosomal DNA)
Can be in nucleus or
cytoplasm
4. Stability Stable Unstable because it is very reactive
due to the presence of extra-oxygen
in carbon #2 of sugar.

29. DNA RNA

32. Properties of WaterWater as good solvent.

33. Properties of WaterSurface tension allows insects to crawl on its surface

34. Properties of WaterWater exhibits capillary action which allows it to flow
through xylem of plants and participate in
photosynthesis

35. Properties of WaterWater regulates climate, weather and environmental
conditions

36. Properties of WaterIce is less dense than water, hence it floats no matter how
small or large. Earth’s major repository of fresh water is in
form of ice.