Biomolecules are the basic building blocks and molecules of life. They include both organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids as well as inorganic compounds like water and minerals. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides and serve many functions in the body including energy storage. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for growth, tissue repair, enzyme production, and other functions. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and other compounds and store energy and insulate the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and DNA has a double helix structure.
Class 11 Important Questions for Biology - Biochemistry of CellInfomatica Academy
Here you can get Class 11 Important Questions for Biology based on NCERT Textbook for Class XI. Biology Class 11 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Biochemistry of a cell for Class 11 Biology subject.
The document discusses key biomolecules found in cells, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose and serve as energy sources. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function to store energy and insulate the body. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together and serve structural, enzymatic, and other functions. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
The document discusses carbohydrate structure and properties. It covers the biological and medical importance of carbohydrates, including their functions as energy stores and structural components. It also describes the chemical nature of carbohydrates as polyhydroxy alcohols with an aldehyde or keto group. Carbohydrate structure is examined using Fisher, Haworth and chair conformations. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides like disaccharides, and polysaccharides including homo- and heteropolysaccharides. Important monosaccharides, derivatives, disaccharides and polysaccharides are identified. Properties of monosaccharides such as isomerism, optical activity, epimerism, hemiacetal/ketal formation,
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
This document provides information about carbohydrates. It discusses that carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature and an important source of energy for cells. Carbohydrates can also act as structural components and be involved in cell membranes, surface antigens, and extracellular substances. The document further describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It provides examples and characteristics of important carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and glycogen. Reaction and derivatives of monosaccharides are also summarized.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
This document discusses carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and describes the main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. It describes their cyclic and linear structures using Fischer projections. It also covers properties of reducing sugars and examples of important disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Finally, it summarizes key polysaccharides like amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
Class 11 Important Questions for Biology - Biochemistry of CellInfomatica Academy
Here you can get Class 11 Important Questions for Biology based on NCERT Textbook for Class XI. Biology Class 11 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Biochemistry of a cell for Class 11 Biology subject.
The document discusses key biomolecules found in cells, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose and serve as energy sources. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function to store energy and insulate the body. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together and serve structural, enzymatic, and other functions. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
The document discusses carbohydrate structure and properties. It covers the biological and medical importance of carbohydrates, including their functions as energy stores and structural components. It also describes the chemical nature of carbohydrates as polyhydroxy alcohols with an aldehyde or keto group. Carbohydrate structure is examined using Fisher, Haworth and chair conformations. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides like disaccharides, and polysaccharides including homo- and heteropolysaccharides. Important monosaccharides, derivatives, disaccharides and polysaccharides are identified. Properties of monosaccharides such as isomerism, optical activity, epimerism, hemiacetal/ketal formation,
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
This document provides information about carbohydrates. It discusses that carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature and an important source of energy for cells. Carbohydrates can also act as structural components and be involved in cell membranes, surface antigens, and extracellular substances. The document further describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It provides examples and characteristics of important carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and glycogen. Reaction and derivatives of monosaccharides are also summarized.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
This document discusses carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and describes the main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. It describes their cyclic and linear structures using Fischer projections. It also covers properties of reducing sugars and examples of important disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Finally, it summarizes key polysaccharides like amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
This document discusses fatty acids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon side chains that occur primarily in esterified form in lipids. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. Fatty acids are named based on their hydrocarbon structure and number of carbons. They are often represented using shorthand notations indicating the number of carbons, double bonds, and double bond positions. Common fatty acids include palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid.
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living cells. It describes the four main types of biological macromolecules as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, and serve functions like energy storage. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform diverse roles such as structure, enzymes, transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and control protein synthesis. Each biomolecule has distinct but vital functions that allow cells and organisms to survive.
This field combines biology as well as chemistry to study the chemical structure of a living organism
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
“The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes such as control and coordination within a living organism is called Biochemistry”
The skeletal system has five main functions: providing structure and support, enabling movement, protecting organs, storing minerals, and forming blood cells. It is made up of the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have layers including compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. The skeletal system includes over 200 bones and various joints like ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints. Problems can include fractures, dislocations, arthritis, scoliosis and osteoporosis.
This document provides an overview of basic biochemistry concepts for nurses. It defines biochemistry as the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems. It then describes some of the basic building blocks of the human body, including atoms, molecules, and macromolecules. The document notes that the human body is composed of around 65% water, 20% proteins, 12% lipids, and smaller percentages of other molecules. It also outlines the hierarchical organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that make up the human body.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
The document discusses carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It provides details on:
- The basic structures and components of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- The four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets.
- The main types and functions of lipids like triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides are the main form of lipids and dietary fats.
Cells specialize to form tissues that group together to perform shared functions. Tissues then combine to form organs which work together in organ systems to carry out body functions. For example, the stomach organ contains muscle tissue made up of individual muscle cells, and is part of the digestive system organ system.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and cell structure and function. It discusses that biochemistry studies biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels using chemistry. The key components of cells are then described, including their major bio-molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document outlines how cells maintain a high degree of internal order through organized chemical reactions and transport of molecules and energy across membranes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, including its main disciplines, definitions, basic organization, and key terminology. It discusses the microscopic, macroscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomical approaches. Key terms are defined, such as anatomical position, planes (median, sagittal, frontal, horizontal), and directional language (anterior, posterior, proximal, distal). Diagrams illustrate anatomical planes and examples of movements. The purpose is to introduce foundational concepts in human anatomy.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
The document discusses the key components of DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins C and D. It provides information on their chemical composition, roles in the body, food sources, and common tests used to identify each one.
levels of structural organisation of human bodyMonika Devi NR
The document describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body, from the chemical level up to the organismic level. It begins with the chemical level including atoms and molecules. Cells comprise the next cellular level, which then combine to form tissues at the tissue level. Multiple tissues join to create organs at the organ level. Systems are groups of related organs that work together at the system level, including 11 main systems. Finally, all parts function as a whole at the highest organismic level.
This Slide share includes Carbohydrate and its Nutrition. It includes introduction, classification, digestion and absorption, sources, RDA and effects of excess and limited use of carbs and fibre and its health effects.
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water and has a pH less than 7. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, are completely ionized in water, while weak acids like acetic acid only partially ionize. Acids react with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas, with carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide gas, and with bases to produce salts and water. They have sour tastes and are corrosive.
Proteins have a variety of important functions in living organisms. They are made up of chains of amino acids that join together to form complex structures ranging from simple primary to advanced quaternary structures which determine their specific roles. Globular proteins have spherical shapes defined by their amino acid sequences which allow metabolic functions like enzymatic reactions, while changes in structure through denaturation disrupt protein functioning.
This document provides information about the basic biochemistry of cells. It discusses the discovery of cells and cellular structures. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of living organisms and discusses the cellular pool of organic and inorganic materials. It also summarizes cellular metabolism, the basic chemical constituents of cells including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides classifications and roles of these biomolecules. Finally, it briefly discusses cellular enzymes and factors that affect enzyme activity.
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Example
This document discusses fatty acids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon side chains that occur primarily in esterified form in lipids. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. Fatty acids are named based on their hydrocarbon structure and number of carbons. They are often represented using shorthand notations indicating the number of carbons, double bonds, and double bond positions. Common fatty acids include palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid.
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living cells. It describes the four main types of biological macromolecules as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, and serve functions like energy storage. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform diverse roles such as structure, enzymes, transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and control protein synthesis. Each biomolecule has distinct but vital functions that allow cells and organisms to survive.
This field combines biology as well as chemistry to study the chemical structure of a living organism
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
“The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes such as control and coordination within a living organism is called Biochemistry”
The skeletal system has five main functions: providing structure and support, enabling movement, protecting organs, storing minerals, and forming blood cells. It is made up of the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have layers including compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. The skeletal system includes over 200 bones and various joints like ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints. Problems can include fractures, dislocations, arthritis, scoliosis and osteoporosis.
This document provides an overview of basic biochemistry concepts for nurses. It defines biochemistry as the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems. It then describes some of the basic building blocks of the human body, including atoms, molecules, and macromolecules. The document notes that the human body is composed of around 65% water, 20% proteins, 12% lipids, and smaller percentages of other molecules. It also outlines the hierarchical organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that make up the human body.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
The document discusses carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It provides details on:
- The basic structures and components of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- The four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets.
- The main types and functions of lipids like triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides are the main form of lipids and dietary fats.
Cells specialize to form tissues that group together to perform shared functions. Tissues then combine to form organs which work together in organ systems to carry out body functions. For example, the stomach organ contains muscle tissue made up of individual muscle cells, and is part of the digestive system organ system.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and cell structure and function. It discusses that biochemistry studies biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels using chemistry. The key components of cells are then described, including their major bio-molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document outlines how cells maintain a high degree of internal order through organized chemical reactions and transport of molecules and energy across membranes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, including its main disciplines, definitions, basic organization, and key terminology. It discusses the microscopic, macroscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomical approaches. Key terms are defined, such as anatomical position, planes (median, sagittal, frontal, horizontal), and directional language (anterior, posterior, proximal, distal). Diagrams illustrate anatomical planes and examples of movements. The purpose is to introduce foundational concepts in human anatomy.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
The document discusses the key components of DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins C and D. It provides information on their chemical composition, roles in the body, food sources, and common tests used to identify each one.
levels of structural organisation of human bodyMonika Devi NR
The document describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body, from the chemical level up to the organismic level. It begins with the chemical level including atoms and molecules. Cells comprise the next cellular level, which then combine to form tissues at the tissue level. Multiple tissues join to create organs at the organ level. Systems are groups of related organs that work together at the system level, including 11 main systems. Finally, all parts function as a whole at the highest organismic level.
This Slide share includes Carbohydrate and its Nutrition. It includes introduction, classification, digestion and absorption, sources, RDA and effects of excess and limited use of carbs and fibre and its health effects.
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water and has a pH less than 7. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, are completely ionized in water, while weak acids like acetic acid only partially ionize. Acids react with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas, with carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide gas, and with bases to produce salts and water. They have sour tastes and are corrosive.
Proteins have a variety of important functions in living organisms. They are made up of chains of amino acids that join together to form complex structures ranging from simple primary to advanced quaternary structures which determine their specific roles. Globular proteins have spherical shapes defined by their amino acid sequences which allow metabolic functions like enzymatic reactions, while changes in structure through denaturation disrupt protein functioning.
This document provides information about the basic biochemistry of cells. It discusses the discovery of cells and cellular structures. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of living organisms and discusses the cellular pool of organic and inorganic materials. It also summarizes cellular metabolism, the basic chemical constituents of cells including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides classifications and roles of these biomolecules. Finally, it briefly discusses cellular enzymes and factors that affect enzyme activity.
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Example
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
Lipid chemistry presentation ppt is givennaflanachu6
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve important functions in the body such as energy storage, cell membrane structure, fat-soluble vitamin transport, hormone production, and insulation. Fatty acids are derived lipids that can be saturated or unsaturated, even or odd chained, and short, medium, or long chained. Essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet.
This document provides an outline and overview of lipid chemistry. It defines lipids and classifies them as simple, complex, or derived lipids. The main types discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. Fatty acids are classified and their functions described. Essential fatty acids and their role in eicosanoid synthesis are explained. Common lipid reactions like saponification, hydrogenation, and peroxidation are defined. The document discusses the structure and functions of triglycerides, phospholipids and their subclasses in detail.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 2 biomoleculesRai University
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the three main types of biomolecules. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform most bodily functions. Carbohydrates are the main energy source and come in simple and complex forms. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and other fatty substances that serve as energy stores and membrane components. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions and have various roles in industrial and biological processes.
This document provides an outline and overview of lipid chemistry. It begins with definitions of lipids and their classification into simple, complex, and derived lipids. The main lipid subgroups are then discussed in more detail, including triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, and lipoproteins. Essential fatty acids and their functions are defined. Finally, some common lipid reactions like saponification and hydrogenation are briefly introduced.
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each macromolecule has specific structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy and lipids storing energy.
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
biological macromolecules large cellular components abundantly obtained naturally and are responsible for varieties of essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms.
This document discusses various biomolecules including amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, nucleotides, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and their structure, functions, and importance. It describes the four main types of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. It also summarizes metabolism as the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells including catabolism and anabolism.
Introduction about Biomolecules - I or Macromolecules introductionshoba shoba
Biomolecules are biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism. They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustainence.
Proteins and nucleic acids are important macromolecules that make up cells. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform critical functions like structure and catalysis. The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. DNA provides genetic instructions and replicates, while RNA has roles in protein synthesis. ATP is an energy-carrying molecule made from RNA nucleotides.
All living things are primarily composed of large biomolecules called biomolecules, which are made up of many atoms bonded together. Biomolecules contain carbon and are classified into four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids are fats and oils, proteins are made of amino acids, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. These macromolecules are essential for life and perform important functions in cells and organisms.
The document discusses the four major classes of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers, polymers, and functions of each macromolecule class. It also discusses nutrition and interpreting food labels, noting health effects of obesity like diabetes and heart disease.
essential topic on bio molecule:
They are naturally occurring polypeptides that contain more than 50 amino acid units. therefore a protein is a hetero polymer.
Most abundant organic molecules of the living system.
They form about 50% of the dry weight of the cell.
They are most important for the architecture and functioning
of the cell.
Proteins on complete hydrolysis yields Amino Acids
There are 20 standard amino acids which are repeatedly found in the structure of proteins – animal, plant or microbial.
Collagen is the most abundant animal protein and Rubisco is the most abundant plant protein
Protein Synthesis is controlled by DNA.
They are substituted methane (CH4)
Amino acids are group of organic compounds having 2 functional groups (-NH2) and (-COOH)
(-NH2) group is basic whereas (-COOH) is acidic
R- can be H in glycine, CH3 in alanine, Hydroxymethyl in serine
in others it can be hydrocarbon chain or a cyclic group
All amino acids contain C, H, O and N but some of them additionally contain S
Physical and chemical properties of amino acids are due to amino, carboxyl and R functional groups
The document summarizes key macromolecules found in living cells, including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic structures and functions of these macromolecules. Specifically, it notes that polysaccharides and lipids are important macromolecules, proteins require specific 3D structures to function, and DNA contains the genetic information in most organisms.
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Biomolecule for class 11 science
1. Biomolecules PHSS BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES
The basic and essential molecules of life are biomolecules.they are also called life components. They
form the building block and molecular basis of life. They are very simple to complex in nature.
Simple molecule: Carbondioxide, Water
Complex molecule: Protein, DNA, RNA
These life components are of two kinds:
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and Nucleic acids
Inorganic Compounds: Water, Minerals and Salts
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the compounds of Carbon hydrogen and oxygen where hydrogen and oxygen are
present in the ratio of 2:1 as in water. The general formula is CnH2nOn. They are also known as
saccharides. Carbohydrate divides in 3 types.
i) Monosaccharides: these are the simplest form of the carbohydrate containing carbon
number 3-7. These carbohydrates can’t be hydrolysed into simpler form.
They are
3 Carbon=Trioses, 4 Carbon = Tetrose, 5 Carbon= Pentose, 6Carbon= Hexose, 7 Carbon= Heptose
For e.g. glucose, fructose etc. they are soluble in water and usually sweet in taste.
ii) Oligosaccharides:The oligosaccharides contain 2-10 monosaccharides (monomers) joined
together by glycosidic bond. These are
a. Disaccharides: Disaccharides are formed by two molecules of the monosaccharides.
Glucose + Glucose= Maltose
Glucose+ Galactose= Lactose
Glucose+ Fructose= Sucrose
b. Trisaccharides: These are made up of 3 monosaccharides molecules. Eg Raffinose is composed
of glucose, fructose and galactose.
iii) Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are formed by the large number of monosaccharides and having several million
molecular weights. They are insoluble in water and not sweet in taste. Most important Polysaccharides
Starch: - - - + glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose + - - -
Cellulose:- - - + glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose + - - - -
Other examples are glycogen, pectin etc.
Function of carbohydrate
2. • Provides energy (energy value ~ 4 kcal/g)
• Excess carbohydrate changes into fat and protein
• Essential for utilization/oxidation of fat
• Carbohydrates like cellulose, chitin are used for formation of cell wall in plant
cells and fungi
• Cellulose provide fecal bulk which facilitates the elimination
• Lactose encourages the growth of favorable intestinal bacteria. It has laxative
properties and enhance the absorption of the calcium
• Heparin (polysaccharide) is a anticoagulant found in blood prevents blood from
clotting.
• Some carbohydrates are hormone
• It gives flavor and sweetness to food
B. Amino acids: Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. They are micromolecule having carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen group. Each amino acid is a nitrogenous compound having an acidic carboxyl (-
COOH) and a basic amino (-NH2) group. About 20 amino acids are occurring naturally. According to
the body which synthesis amino acid it can be divided into two types, i.e. essential and non-essential.
Essential protein Non-essential protein
1. These amino acids cannot besynthesized by our body.
2. These amino acids must be supply through diet.
3. These include Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine,
valine.
1. These amino acids can be synthesized by our body.
2. These amino acid are abundant in our body.
3. These include glutamic acid, aspartic acids, glycine,
tyrosine, arginine, ornithine, taurine, histidine, serine,
proline, asparagine, alanine
C. Proteins
Proteins are the macromolecules of amino acids. They are formed of C, H, O, N, S, P. The amino acids
are the building blocks of protein. Several amino acids join together by the peptide bond to form
proteins. Protein is found in every part of the body . Proteins can be classified into three types. They are
i) Simple protein: Proteins formed by amino acids only, e.g. albumin, globulin
ii) Conjugate protein: Protein which contain amino group as well as some non protein structure
examples
3. Glycoprotein: glucose + protein e.g saliva
Phosphoprotein: amino acid + phosphate e.g casein of milk
Lipoprotein: amino acid + lipid e.g protein of brain
iii) Derived proteins: Those proteins which are formed by the partial hydrolysis of simple and
conjugated protein. E.g. proteoses
Function of proteins
• Proteins are essential for all life forms. In human body they have the following functions:
• Body building, growth and renewal of tissue
• Synthesis of enzyme, DNA, RNA , blood proteins and hormones of protein nature
• Provides energy (energy value =4 kcal/gm)
• Defense mechanism (as antibodies)
• Metabolic regulation by enzymes (because enzymes are also protein)
• Contractile Proteins are involved in muscle contraction and movement.
• Structural Proteins are fibrous and stringy and provide support to hair.
• Transport Proteins are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another around
the body. Examples include hemoglobin.
• Protein helps keep skin, hair, and nails healthy.
D. Lipids or Fats
Fats are the complex molecules that constitute a mixture of fatty acid and glycerol. Like carbohydrate it
contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen but oxygen is less in compared to carbohydrates. Fatty acid is
the simplest unit of fat. These are oily and greasy organic substance, relatively insoluble in water and
soluble in organic solvents like ether, chloroform and benzene. Thus, they are hydrophobic in nature.
Classification of fatty acid
On the basis of type of bond between the carbon atoms, fatty acids are classified as
Unsaturated fatty acid
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid
1. Have one or more double bond between the
carbon atoms
1. Have no double bond between the carbon
atoms
2. Melt at lower temperature 2. Melt at higher temperature
Example:
Oleic acid-one double bond
Linoleic acid-two double bond
Example:
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Classification of fats
Fats can be grouped into three main groups
1. Simple lipids: These are ester of fatty acid and alcohol. Simple fat is categorized into following
type.
a) Neutral fat: these are the esters of fatty acid and glycerol. Hence also called as glycerides.
b) Oils: these are the fats which is liquid at room temperature. It is rich in unsaturated fatty acid
c) Waxes: these are the esters of fatty acid and long chain alcohol. It is chemically inert.
4. 2. Compound lipids: These are ester of fatty acids with alcohol and possess additional groups also. i.e.
a) Glycolipids: carbohydrate and lipid
b) Phospholipid: phosphoric acid and lipid
c) Lipoprotein: lipid and protein
3. Derived lipids: these are the substance derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis.
These includes fatty acids, alcohols, mono and di-saccharide etc. e.g. Cholesterol.
Importance: It is a precursor molecule of many sex hormones like testosterone, progesterone etc. It is not
bad but not useful as well.
Function of fats
Concentrated source of energy (energy value of 1 gram of fat ~ 9.4 kcal)
It is the structural component of the cell membrane
Supplies fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E and K)
It is the structural component of the cell membrane
It is the raw material of all steroid hormone e.g Sex hormone
It is required for formation of bile
Fat acts as an insulation and helps on retain the body heat
Fat provides a protective padding to vital organs from mechanical shock and keeps them in
place. Under skin layer they act as insulator
Proper function of nervous system
Normal development and function of retina
Regular heart beat
E. Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid are the complex, long chain compound that contains C, O, H, N, P. they are the basis of
genetic materials of all organisms. The simplest unit of nucleic acid is nucleotids. Nucleotide is
composed of three component
i) Pentose sugar: Sugar having 5 carbon atoms. Ribose Sugar and Deoxy-ribose sugar
ii) Phosphate: the phosphate in the DNA is present as phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
iii. Nitrogenous Bases: the nitrogenous bases are of two types- Purine and pyrimidine. Purine bases
comprise mainly adenine (A) and guanine (G) while pyrimidine bases comprise cytosine (C) , thymine
(T) and Uracil(U).
Nucleoside: nitrogenous base + sugar
Nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate
Types of Nucleic acids
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Watson and crick’s model of DNA
5. J.D. Watson and F. crick (1953) purposed a double helix model for DNA molecule. This model is
widely accepted. According to this model the characteristics of DNA are as follows.
a. DNA molecule consists of two strands, which are connected together by hydrogen bonds and helically
twisted.
b. the two strands are antiparallel (if one is in 3’-5’ direction, the other is in 5’-3’ direction)
c. the outer side is composed of pentose sugar and phosphoric acid while the central position is occupied
by nitrogen bases.
d. the width between two strand is 20A0 and each strand takes a complete turn after 34A0.
e. two nitrogen base are at a distance of 3.4A0 so there are 10 nitrogen bases at one turn (34A0)
f. the nitrogen bases attached to the strand are always specific i.e if one strand have purine then
pyrimidine in next. Therefore, the two strands are complementary to each other.
g. Bases of two nucleotide form hydrogen bond i.e. A combines with T by two H-bond (A=T) and G
combines with C by three hydrogen bond.
Structure of RNA
The RNA is usually single stranded polynucleotide chain. The single strand of the RNA is folded either
at certain regions or entirely to form hairpin shaped structure. The RNA dose not possess equal purine-
pyrimidine ratio, as is found in the DNA. It contains nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine
(C) and Uracil (U). Thyamine is not found in RNA.
6. RNA is of three types:
1. m-RNA(messenger RNA): it constitutes about 5% - 10% of the total RNA present in the cell, m-
RNA carries the genetic information from DNA for Protein synthesis.
2. r- RNA(Ribosomal RNA): It makes about 80% of the total RNA in the cell. It is the major component
of ribosomal.
3. t RNA (Transfer RNA): it is also known as soluble RNA. It forms about 10% - 15% of the total RNA.
It used to transfer amino acid molecule to the site of protein synthesis.
F. Minerals
Minerals are the inorganic substances that are essential for the growth and development of the living
organism. Those minerals which are essential for the growth and survival of organism are called
essential elements. Some minerals are required in high amount for the growth and are called
macronutrient. The macronutrients are calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and
sulphur. Some minerals are required in small amount and they are called as micronutrient. The
micronutrients are iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, iodine and selenium.
G. Water (H2O):
Water is the mother liquor of all forms of life. It is very much essential for every form of life. In human
adult total body water accounts for about 70% of the lean body mass. In plant it makes about 70%-90%
of the living matter of active cells.
Function of water
i) Water is a universal solvent.
7. ii) It is used as a raw material in photosynthesis.
iii) It also helps in transpiration due to turgor pressure.
iv) It also maintains the turgidity of cells and their organelles.
v) it is used to transfer food materials with blood.
vi) it maintains human body temperature at normal (370C)