Lesson 6a animal classification

Distinguishing Characteristics of Phyla
in Animal kingdom
By: Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

Porifera
P, s, sc(c,,p,a.a) g, spi, reg, pare

Key Characteristics of Porifera
Sponges; Pore-bearing (Porocytes)
no germ layers and tissue layers making it
parazoic, no digestive tract
Sessile organisms during adult stage
Specialized cells
1. Amoebocytes – provides elasticity and it can
be specialized into Archaeocytes, cells for
reproduction
2. Choanocytes – for filter feeding mechanisms
3. Pinacocytes – flattened structure for external
covering of sponges’ body.

Inner Canal System
Asconoid- simplest type among
canal systems the choanocytes lie
in a large chamber called the
spongocoel
Syconoid- choanocytes lie
in canals
Leuconoid-considered the
major plan for sponges, for it
permits greater size and more
efficient water circulation.

Inner Canal System
Asconoid
Orange pipe sponge
Syconoid
Scypha sp.
Leuconoid
Clathrina
Yellow network sponge

- Exoskeleton, spicules, which are
primarily made up of Calcium
carbonates and Silicon compound
sometimes spongin (Proteinaceous fibers
like collagen).
Spongin Siliceous Calcareous

 It has flagellated larval stage called parenchymula or
amphiblastula.
 Regeneration is at the peak (Fragmentation followed by
regeneration).

Gemmules or internal buds of Sponges

Classes of Porifera
1. Calcarea
- Spicules,
exoskeleton of
sponges, are made
up mainly of calcium
carbonate
Grantia
(Grantia compressa)

Classes of Calcarea
Asconoid
Orange pipe sponge
Syconoid
Scypha sp.
Leuconoid
Clathrina
Yellow network sponge

2. Hexactinelida
- Hexagonal Spicules are made up
of silicon compounds which make it
appears as glassy.
Venus Flower Basket
(Euplectella aspergillum)
Classes of Porifera

3.) Demospongiae
- Spicules are made up of
silicon and mainly Spongin
(proteinaceous fiber made
up of collagen)
Classes of Porifera
Freshwater sponge
(Axinellidae stylinos)

Classes of Demospongiae
Elephant’s Ear sponge Bath Sponge Branching vase
sponge

4.) Sclerospongiae
- Spicules are made up
of Calcium carbonate
and Spongin
Ceratoporella (Ceratoporella nicholsoni)
Classes of Porifera

Axinellidae stylinos
Freshwater Sponge
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Grantia compressa
Grantia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Calcarea
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Euplectella aspergillum
Venus Flower Basket
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Hexactinellida
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Ceratoporella nicholsoni
Ceratoporella
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Sclerospongiae
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Key Characteristics of Cnidaria
Cnidocytes special cells with stinging organelles called
nematocysts.

Larval stage of Cnidarians:
Planula : Ciliated in structure

Key Characteristics of Cnidaria
Radially symmetrical
Diploblastic or two germ
layers (ectoderm and
endoderm) resulting to two
tissue layers (epidermis and
gastrodermis which serves as
lining of gut cavity or
gastrovascular cavity.
In between these tissue layers
is a noncellular jelly-like
material called mesoglea.

 Dimorphic Organisms
 Eumetazoic
 Incomplete digestive tract, w/ mouth but no anus

Body Wall The epidermal layer contains several types of cells organized
into tissues.

HYDROZOA SCYPHOZOA ANTHOZOA
Larvae Medusa (plankton) Polyp (benthic) Polyp (benthic)
Adult Polyp (benthic) Medusa (Plankton) Polyp (benthic)
Example
(s)
Brown Hydra,
Obelia
Jellyfish, Sea nettle Sea Anemones,
Bamboo coral
Table 1: Comparison of classes of cnidarians

Classes of Cnidaria1. Hydrozoa
Colonial Hydra
(Obelia bidentata)
Hydra
(Hydra fusca)

Portuguese man-of-war
(Physalia physalis)
Class Hydrozoa
(Colony of Polyps)

2.) Scyphozoa
Moon Jelly/Common Jellyfish
(Aurelia aurita)
Pacific Sea nettle
(Chrysaora sp.)
Classes of Cnidaria

Red-eyed medusa
Lion’s mane
Cyanea capillata

3.) Anthozoa
Purple Sea fan
(Gorgonia ventalina)
Common Sea anemones/plumose
Anemones
(Metridium senile)
Boomerang coral
(Herpolitha limax) Bamboo coral
(Isis hippuris)
Classes of Cnidaria

Cabbage coral Brain coral
Lobophyllia sp.
Sun coral

ANTHOZOA
Coral Reefs Fringing reefs

ANTHOZOA
Coral Reefs Barrier reefs

Obelia bidentata
Colonial Hydra
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozaoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Hydra fusca
Brown Hydra
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Physalia physalis
Portuguese man-of-war
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Aurelia aurita
Moon Jelly/Common Jellyfish
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Scyphozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Chrysaora fuscescense
Pacific Sea nettle
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Scyphozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Herpolitha limax
Boomerang coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Metridium senile
Common Sea Anemones
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Isis hippuris
Bamboo Coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Gorgonia ventalina
Puple Sea Fan
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

- Triploblastic (Ectoderm, mesoderm and Endoderm)
- Flatworms
- Bilaterally symmetrical
Platyhelminthes

Flame cells as
excretory organ
Concept of
diffusion in
removing waste

Viscid gland
Produces mucous
that allows
attachment of the
flatworms on the
substrates.

Platyhelminthes
- Eumetazoic incomplete meaning w/ digestive tract
but no anus.
- Almost all are hermaphrodite but cross fertilize
- The three major classes are turbellaria (planaria),
trematoda (flukes) and cestoda (tapeworm).
- All members of the class trematoda and cestoda are
parasitic.
- Parasitic flatworms have cuticle made up of chitin
which serves as an adaptation in parasitic living.

Classes of Platyhelminthes
1.) Turbellaria
- only the free living flatworm.
- non-parasitic flatworm.
- Eumetazoic incomplete
meaning w/ digestive tract but
no anus
- Nervous system is in the form of
ganglia
Planaria
(Dugesia tigrina)

2.) Trematoda
Sheep liver fluke
(Fasciola hepatica)
Human liver fluke
(Clonorchis sinensis)

3.) Cestoda
Pork Tapeworm
(Taenia solium)

Types of Host
1.Primary host – host where
sexual reproduction take
place.
2.Secondary and Tertiary –
for asexual reproduction.
Ex: Snail
1.Paratemic Host – the host is
living thing.
2.Fomite – non-living host but
can actually submit disease.
Ex: Doorknob, straw and
glass
Types of parasite
1.Parasitoid – they are parasites which kill the host.
2.Opportunistic parasite – They feed for future use.
Ex: Butterfly, for instant food when their eggs hatched.

Dugesia tigrina
Freshwater Planaria/Common Planaria
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Turbellaria

Fasciola hepatica
Sheep Liver Fluke
Class: Trematoda

Clonorchis sinensis
Human Liver Fluke
Class: Trematoda

Taenia solium
Pork Tapeworm
Class: Cestoda

Taenia saginata
Beef Tapeworm
Class: Cestoda

Nematoda- Formerly named as Aschelminthes (Ascus means
round while helminthes means worms)
- They are ROUNDWORMS
- They are all Parasitic worms
- Possess hydrostatic skeleton (Hydrostatic – liquid
medium in coelomic fluid ; skeleton – support)

Nematoda- Pseudocoelomate  coelom formation arises from blastocoels and
no peritoneum.
- Also consists of cuticle, an exoskeleton made up of polysaccharide
chitin – an important adaptation of worms in parasitic lives.
- Have renette cells, an excretory organ.
- Have chemoreceptors, Phasmids (located at posterior end) and
Amphids (located at anterior end)

Classes of Nematoda
1.) Phasmidia (Secernentea) – with Phasmids
Ascaris/Giant intestinal worm
(Ascaris lumbricoides)
Pinworm
(Enterobius vermicularis)

Classes of Nematoda
2.) Aphasmidia
(Adenophorea)
- With amphids
Whipworm
(Trichiuris trichiura)
Trichina worm
(Trichinella spiralis)

Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Phasmidia (Secernentea)
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris / Giant Intestinal Worm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Phasmidia (Secernentea)
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Trichiuris trichiura
Whipworm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Aphasmidia (Adenophorea)
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Trichinella spiralis
Trichina worm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Aphasmidia (Adenophorea)
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Mollusca- Soft bodied organisms
- With Radula as Rasping Apparatus.
- With Ventral Muscular foot for locomotion
- Most are open circulatory system except for Cephalopods
- They have mantle that secretes CaCo3 to form shells

• Radula is a rasping structure looks like a conveyor
belt that scrapes food and move it to the
digestive tract

Anatomy of a gastropods (Representative of Mollusca)

OPEN and CLOSE Circulatory System

Trocophore
as larval
Stages of
Mollusca &
Annelida

Classes of MOLLUSCA
1. Aplacophora
- No plated shell
Solenogaster
(Neomenia carinata)
Placo, means plate

2. Monoplacophora
- One dorsal plated
shell.
Neopilina
(Neopilina galatheae)
Classes of MOLLUSCA
Placo, means plate

Classes Of Mollusca
3. Polyplacophora
- It has eight dorsal
plates.
Chiton
(Chaetopleura apiculata)
Placo, means plate

Classes of MOLLUSCA
4. Scaphopoda
Toothshell/Tusk shell
(Dentalium elephantinum)

Classes of MOLLUSCA
5. Gastropoda
- Exhibits torsion
- Has spiral and dorsal
shell
Venus comb murex
(Murex pectin)
Garden snail
(Helix asperia)

Classes Of Mollusca
6. Bivalvia
- With two-valves shells
Asian green mussel
(Perna viridis)
Giant clam
(Tridacna maxima)

Bivalve Shell
Pearl Formation from a parasite or sand that enters shell into mantle,
becomes covered with nacre

2 shells or valves are held together by a hinge ligament
Valves are drawn together by strong adductor muscles
Umbo is the oldest part of the shell with growth occurring outward in rings

Scallop developed sensory organs along mantle edges

Classes of MOLLUSCA
7. Cephalopoda
Squid
(Loligo pealii)
Common Octopus
(Octopus vulgaris)
Jet-pr

Nautilus
(Nautilus belauensis)
CEPHALOPODA
Nautilus, the remaining
shelled-cephalopods

Neomenia carinata
Solenogasters
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Aplacophora
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Neopilina galatheae
Neopilina
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Monoplacophora
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Chaetopleura apiculata
Chiton
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Polyplacophora
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Dentalium elephantinum
Toothshell / Tuskshell
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Scaphopoda
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Murex pectin
Venus Comb Murex
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Helix asperia
Common Garden Snail
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Perna viridis
Asian Green Mussels
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Tridacna Maxima
Giant Clam
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Octopus vulgaris
Common Octopus
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

Loligo pealii
Common Squid
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
LET’s PRACTICE!!!

AnnelidaCame from the word “Annulus” which
means “little rings”
Internally and externally segmented
Triploblast, eucoelomate
(schizocoelous)
Most are hermaphrodite.
Some have “setae” which serves for
succession for locomotion.
Digestive system is complete
Circulatory system is closed,
Excretory system typically consists of a
pair of nephridia per segment.

Esophagus
Mouth
Pharynx
Crop -
storage Gizzard - mechanical digestion
Typhlosole
Increases surface area
for absorption
Intestine - chemical digestion
Lumen of intestine
Anus
(a) Earthworm

AnnelidaSexes are usually separate with gonads occurring in
each segment
Some species have gonad specific segments
Breeding is usually seasonal (spring or fall)
As gametes mature they fill the coelom and are
released by the nephridia
Fertilization can be internal or external
Trochophore larvae develop, which are remarkably
related with the Mollusks

Classes of Annelida
1. Oligochaeta
- Presence of Clitellium, a
thick epidermis that
secretes cocoon
- “Oligo”, means few while
“chaeta” is attributed to
setae, therefore,
oligochaetes posses few
setae
Common Earthworm
(Lumbricus terrestris)

Clamworm
(Nereis virens)
Classes of Annelida
2. Polychaeta
- “Poly”, means many while
“chaeta” is attributed to
setae, therefore,
Polychaetes posses many
setae
- They are aquatic
organisms
- They posses parapodia for
gas exchange

Feather duster Christmas Tree Worm

3. Hirudinea
- No setae and with fixed 34 segments.
Medicinal Leech
(Hirudo medicinalis)
Classes of Annelida

Lumbricus terrestris
Common Earthworm
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Oligochaeta

Nereis virens
Common Clamworm
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta

Hurido medicinalis
Medicinal Leech
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Hirudinea

Hurido gigantica
Common Leech
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Hirudinea

Key Characteristics of Arthropoda
segmented animals and has jointed appendages.
largest among the phyla in animal kingdom in terms of
number of species and the population of each species.
Most successful group due to capacity to lay eggs in
thousands.

Key Characteristics of ArthropodaSome are capable of flight.
Size in advantage due to minimal amount of food
requirements.
It has exoskeleton (cuticle) which is made up of chitin and
serves as protection
They can live everywhere.

1. Insecta
- Six-legged organisms
- Three body regions (Head, thorax and
abdomen
Classes of ARTHROPODA

Pediculus humanus
Human Lice
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta

Musca domestica
Housefly
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta

Aedes aegypti
Dengue carrying-mosquito
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta

Apis mellifera
Honey Bee
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta

2. Arachnida
- eight-legged organisms
- Two body regions (Cephalothorax
and abdomen)
- They respire through
book lungs.
-
FUSED Head and
thorax

Tegenaria domestica
House spider
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida

Dermacentor variabilis
Common Dog ticks
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida

Dermatophagoides farinae
Dust Mites
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida

3. Crustacea
Banana prawn/shrimp
(Penaeus merguiensis)
Dust mite
(Dermatophagoides
farinae)
Coosa crayfish
(Cambarus coosae)

Penaeus merguiensis
Banana Prawn/Shrimp
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea

Cambarus coosae
Coosa crayfish
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea

4. Chilopoda
House centipede
(Scutigera coleoptrata)
Centipede
(Scolopendra heros)

Scutigera coleoptrata
House Centipede
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Chilopoda

5. Diplopoda
Millipede
(Julus terrestris)

Julus terrestris
Common Millipede
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Diplopoda

Key Characteristics of Echinodermata
“Echino” means spinny and “dermata” skin
Pentaradial symmetry
Water-vascular cavity, tube feet
Invertebrate deuterostome

Endoskeleton is called as ossicles
Spines in Starfishes and sea urchins, “Pedicellarias”
serves for protection
Tube feet are hollow thin-walled tubes that have
suction cup on the end and looks like eyedroppers.
This structure allows locomotion, gas exchange and
excretion
Ampulla, opposite end of the suction cup that
corresponds to the bulb of the eyedropper. It has
muscles that relax and contract similar to the
squeezing movement of the tube feet.

Madreporite, a sieve-like, disk-shaped opening in
the echinoderm’s body. It acts like little strainer
that prevents large particles to enter the
echinoderms’ body.

Classes of ECHINODERMATA
1.Asteroidea
Common Sea star
(Asterias rubens)
Blue Sea star
(Linckia laevigata)

2. Ophiuroidea
Brittle star
(Ophiothrix fragilis)
Brittle star
(Ophiothrix spiculata)

3. Echinoidea
Common Sea urchins
(Echinometra mathaei)

Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms
but have five rows of tube feet

4. Holothuroidea
Common Black sea cucumber
(Holothuria atra)

5. Crinoidea
Feather star Sea lily
(Proisocrinus ruberimus)

Asteria rubens
Common Sea Star
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea

Linckia laevigata
Blue Sea Star
Class: Asteroidea

Ophiothrix fragilis
Common Brittle star
Class: Ophiuroidea

Echinometra mathaei
Common Sea Urchins
Class: Echinoidea

Holothuria atra
Black Sea Cucumber
Class: Holothuroidea

Proisocrinus reberimus
Moulin rouge sea lily
Class: Crinoidea

Himerometra robustipinna
Common Feather star
Class: Crinoidea

Key Characteristics of Chordates
Post-anal tail
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Notochord replaces by vertebral column or backbone
Pharyngeal Slits

Key Characteristics of Chordates

Classes of Chordates
Fishes
Agnatha or jawless
Fishes
e.g, Hagfish and
Lampreys
Chondrichthyes or
cartilaginous fishes
e.g, Sharks and stingrays
Osteichthyes or bony
fishes.
e.g, Tuna and Eel
85 jawless species
850 cartilagenous species
25000 bony species
Fish species by habitat
41% freshwater
58% seawater
1% both fresh and seawater
1.Fishes
- An endothermic aquatic chordate with
appendages developed as fins, respiring mainly
through gills and with a body covered by scales.

1. Agnatha
-this group of fishes is known as jawless fish.
-these fishes are ectoparasites of aquatic organisms
because they suck blood from their hosts.
Classes of Chordata
Hagfish
Lamprey

Basis of Comparison Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Supportive Tissues
Composition
Made up of chondrocytes
or cartilaginous cells
Made up of Osteocytes or
bone cells
Scales Placoid Ganoid, ctenoid and cycloid
Lobes of Tail Heterocercal Homocercal
Swim Bladder, gives
the fish bodies with
neutral buoyancy
Absent, Heterocercal tail
provide uplift movement
during swimming
Present
Location of Mouth Ventral Anterior
Gill Slits Naked Covered by Operculum
Table 2: Comparison of cartilaginous and bony fish

2. Chondrichthyes
-also known as cartilagenous fishes because their supportive tissues or
skeleton are made up of cartilage. (see table 2 for comparison)
Stingrays White Shark
(Carcharodon carcharias)
Classes of Chordata

General Fin Morphology
Dorsal
Dorsal
Pectoral
Pelvic Anal
Caudal

Classes of Chordata
3. Osteichthyes
- also known as Bony fishes because the supportive tissues or
skeleton is made up of bone. (see table 2 for comparison)
Pacific Sea Horse
(Hippocampus kuda)
Tilapia
(Tilapia nilotica)

Dorsal
Dorsal
Pectoral
Pelvics
Anal
Caudal
Anus
General Fin Morphology

Internal Anatomy
• Pyloric caecae – slender tubes that secrete digestive
enzymes
• Plant eaters = long intestine, Meat eaters = short
intestines

Internal Anatomy
• Two chambered heart
• Gas exchange occurs in gills.

Feeding mechanisms of bony fishes
Grazers feed on
plants and algae
Filter feeders filter
plankton through their
gills
Most of fishes are
carnivorous or feed on
other aquatic animals.

Lateral LineThis serves as mechanoreceptor that detects vibrations in water.
This line is made up of small canals filled with sensory cells

Behaviors
Schools – well defined
groups of fishes
Well coordinated with no
leaders
Used a protection by
confusion
Increase swimming
efficiency
Advantageous in feeding

Anadromous fish – live
mostly at sea and
migrate to freshwater
to breed (salmon)
Catadromous fish –
breed in sea and live
in rivers (eels)
Migrations of fishes

4. Amphibia (Amphibians)
- No epidermal outgrowth
- Capable of cutaneous respiration
Red-backed Salamander
(Plethodon cinereus)
Panamanian golden toad
(Atelopus zeteki)
Classes of Chordata
Asian bullfrog
(Rana tigrina)
American bullfrog
(Rana castesbeiana)

5.Reptilia (Reptiles)
- Scales as epidermal outgrowth
Philippine crocodile
(Crocodylus mindorensis)
Pond Turtle
(Siebenrockiella leytensis)
Classes of Chordata

5.Reptilia (Reptiles)
Philippine Cobra
(Naja philippinensis)
Common Rattlesnake
(Crotalus horridus)
Classes of Chordata

6. Aves (Birds)
- Feather as epidermal
outgrowth
King Penguin
(Aptenodytes patagonicus)
Emperor Penguin
(Aptenodytes forsteri)
Classes of Chordata
Domestic Chicken
(Gallus gallus domesticus)

Classes of CHORDATA
7.Mammalia (Mammals)
- Active mammary
glands
- Hair as epidermal
outgrowth
Domestic cat
(Felis catus)
Human
(Homo sapiens)

Carcharias carcharodon
Great White Shark
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes

Dasyatis pastinaca
Common Stringrays
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes

Tilapia nilotica
Nile Tilapia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Osteichthyes

Hippocampus kuda
Pacific Sea Horse
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Osteichthyes

Plethodon cinereus
Red-backed Salamander
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia

Rana tigrina
Asian Bullfrog/Leopard frog
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia

Rana catesbeiana
American Bullfrog
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia

Crocodylus mindorensis
Philippine Crocodile
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia

Siebenrockiellia leytensis
Pond Turtle
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia

Naja philippinensis
Philippine Cobra
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia

Gallus gallus
Domestic Chicken
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Anas platyrynchos
Domestic duck (L)/
Mallard (R)
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Aptenodytes sp.
King Penguin (L)
Emperor Penguin (R)
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Felis catus (domesticus)
Domestic cat
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia

Giraffa camelopardalis
Giraffe
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia

Pan troglodytes
Chimpanzee
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia

Lesson 6a animal classification

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