This document discusses cell structure and specialization. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and identifies their main parts as the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. The document explains that while all cells share these basic components, they come in many shapes and forms due to specialization. Specialized cells take on specific functions like transporting oxygen (red blood cells), movement (muscle cells), and defense (white blood cells). The adaptive features of different cell types allow organisms to carry out vital processes through systems of specialized cell types working together.

1. Cells and Cell
Specialization
General Science
Ms S Butler

2. Objectives
 Identify and define parts of the cell

3. Introduction

4. Parts of a cell
 Organelle
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
 Protoplasm
 Chloroplasts
 Cell wall
 Cell membrane
 Vacuole

5. Plant Cell

6. Animal Cell

7. Specialized Cells
 All cells have a membrane, nucleus and
cytoplasm.
 However there are a great variety of shapes.
 This is because each type of cell has a particular
job to do and its structure is formed to suit its
 function.
 This is called cell specialization; there is a division
of labour among cells of the organism.

8. RED BLOOD CELLS
 Function: Carry oxygen
from lungs to
 cells of the body.
 Adaptation: contain a
red substance called
haemoglobin, which
picks up oxygen.
 Mature red blood cells
have no nucleus

9. White Blood Cells
 White blood cells
defend the body
against germs.
 One type of WBC can
engulf germs these are
called Phagocytes
 One type of WBC can
produce substances
called antibodies
which destroy germs or
poisons they produce

10. Muscle Cells- Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle
cells can contract
(shorten), this
contraction cause
things to move.
Found in internal
organs like
stomach , food
canals

11. Muscle Cell- Skeletal Muscle
 Skeletal muscle cells
or striated or
voluntary muscles
 Can shorten to move
bones.
 Long, cylinder,
shaped fibres that
have striped
appearance.

12. Muscle Cell- Cardiac Muscle
 Cardiac muscle cells are
found in the heart.
 The contraction and
relaxation of cardiac
muscles cells cause the
heart to pump blood
throughout the body
 Stripe appearance and
from short branching
threads or fibres.

13. Nerve Cell
 Carry messages
called impulses from
one part of the body
to another.
 Adaptations:
dendrites, axon, cell
body
 3 types: motor,
sensory
intermediate

14. Bone Cells
 Bone cells make
bone to support
the body
 Make bone
marrow which
makes red and
white blood cells

15. Epithelial Cells
 Cover and
protect surfaces
inside and
outside the
body.
 The cheek cells
inside the mouth
and skin cells
are examples of
epithelial cells
 Adaptation: Thin
for absorption

16. Gametes- Sex Cells- Sperm
Cell
 Sperm cell-males
have a tail
for swimming, a
head containing
the nucleus,
produced in the
testis in males

17. Gametes- Sex Cells- Egg
Cell
 Egg cell- females
store food in the
cytoplasm for
developing
embryo, larger than
other cells,
produced in the
ovaries.

18. Palisade Cells
 Found in the
leaves of plants
contains lots of
chloroplast for
photosynthesis

19. Root Hair Cells
 Found on the
roots of plants
in little hairs.
 Long and thin
to absorb water
from the soil

20. Guard Cells
 Guard cells are
specialized cells
located in the lower
leaf epidermis of plants.
These form tiny pores in
the leaf surface are
necessary for gas
exchange into and out
of the plant.

21. Questions
Which Cell is responsible for:
a) Absorbing water for plants?
b) Transporting oxygen in animals
c) Making food for plants
d) Transporting messages around the body
e) Allowing movement for the body
f) Protect the body from infection

22. Questions
What is a cell?
 Name the 3 basic parts of a cell.
 Name 2 main types of cells. Give 2
examples of each type.
 State 4 differences between the 2 main
types of cells.
What is meant by the term cell
specialization.

23. Body Organization
 CELLS--> TISSUES--> ORGANS--> SYSTEMS--> ORGANISM

24.  We know what a cell is. What is a cell?
 What is a tissue
 A tissue is a group of similar cells working
together to perform specific function.

25. Questions- THINK!!!
What is an organ?
What is an organ system?
 Name some examples of organ systems.
 An organism is a whole functioning body
that consists of a number of organ systems
that work together to keep it alive.

26. Examples of Organs
Human Organ Plant Organs
Heart Leaf
Lungs Stem
Brain Flower
Kidneys Root

27. S0ME OF THE MAJOR ORGANS IN THE
HUMAN BODY
THE BRAIN
THE LUNGS
THE LIVER
THE STOMACH
THE
BLADDER
NEXT

28. THE BRAIN

29. THE LUNGS

30. THE STOMACH

31. THE LIVER

32. THE BLADDER

33. THE HEART

34. THE KIDNEYS

37. • Circulatory
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Excretory
• Immune
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Skeletal
• Skin
• Carries needed material to and waste away from
the body
• Takes in food, breaks it down, & absorbs nutrients
• Controls many regulatory processes by mean of
chemicals
• Removes waste
• Fights disease
• Enables the body to move (voluntary & involuntary
motion)
• Detects and interprets information from the
environment outside the body and from within the
body
• Produces sex cells & controls male & female
characteristics
• Supports the body, protects it and works with
muscles to allow movement
• Protects the body, keeps water inside the body &
regulates body temperature