This presentation contain the components of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system and respiratory system. It discusses thoroughly the physiological processes perform by these systems

1. Digestive System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

2. Components of Digestive System
Digestive
System
Digestive
Tract
Digestive
Glands

3. Digestion
breaking down of Complex organic molecules
into absorbable pieces
Carbohydrates  Monosaccharide (glucose,
Fructose and galactose)
Lipids  fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins  Amino acids
Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides

4. •Complete Functions
1. Ingestion – Intake of food
2. Mechanical Digestion
3. Chemical Digestion
4. Secretion – Production of Enzymes
5. Absorption of nutrients (Small intestine)
6. Compaction & Reabsorption (Large Intestine)
- Accumulation and storage of undigested food
7. Excretion (Anus)
Digestive System
Mouth
Stomach

5. Digestive Tract
Lips – to hold the food
Palate – deviate the oral and
nasal cavity
Teeth – Gnawing
(Types: Inscissor, Canine, Pre-molar and
Molar)

6. Digestive Tract
Tongue – For mixing food,
swallowing, tasting and pronun
ciation)
Pharynx – passageway of food
and air
Esophagus – passageway of
food

7. Digestive Tract
Stomach – temporary storage
of foods, preliminary digestion
of protein, secretes gastric
juice and HCl for antiseptic
purposes.

8. Digestive Tract
Small Intestine – final phase
of digestion

9. Digestive Tract
Large Intestine
– temporary storage of
Undigested food,
- reabsorption of
water,
- formation of feces,
- absorbs elements
such as (Ca, K and Na)
and vitamins

10. Digestive TractRectum and Anus – Discharge of waste

11. Digestive Glands
-salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, liver and pancreas
Accessory: Gall Bladder (Storage of bile)

12. Digestive Tract Glands Secretions Enzymes Actions
Mouth Salivary
Glands
Saliva Ptyalin (forms of
Amylase in
human saliva
and other
animals
Starch (polysaccharide)
Maltose (disaccharide)
Beginning of the
digestion of
Carbohydrates (BOLUS)
**Pharynx
Mucus
Gland Mucus No enzymes Lubricates the food
**Esophagus
Mucus
Gland Mucus No enzymes
Stomach
Gastric
gland
Gastric
juice Pepsin
Digest proteins into
polypeptides.
Food becomes acidic
called CHYME

13. Digestive Tract Glands Secretions Enzymes Actions
Small Intestine
Liver
Bile (stored
from gall
bladder)
No enzymes
Emulsification of fats and other
lipids.
Neutralizes the acidity of the
chyme
Pancreas
Pancreatic
juice
Nuclease 
Trypsin and
Chymotrypsin
Lipase 
Digests nucleic acids into
nucleotides
Digest polypeptides into amino
acids
Digests emulsified fats into fatty
acids and glycerol
Small
Intestine
Intestinal
juice
Maltase 
Sucrase 
Lactase 
Amylopsin 
Disaccharides
monosaccharide
Examples:
Maltose  glucose + glucose
Sucrose  glucose + fructose
Lactose  glucose + galactose
Other carbohydrates glucose

15. Circulatory System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin
MASEd in Biology

16. Components of Circulatory System
Also known as Cardiovascular System
Main Function: for the transport of materials
throughout the body.
Circulatory System
Blood
Carries nutrients and O2
Blood Vessels
transport the blood
Heart
pumps the blood

17. Components of Circulatory System
Blood – has a pigment, hemoglobin making it
as red in color.
Composition: Plasma and Cellular Parts
carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body

18. Components of Circulatory System
Blood vessels - tubes in the body that transport
blood throughout the body.
Types:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries (Smallest)

19. Blood VesselsBlood Vessels Sizes Movements and Functions
Large Medium Small
Artery
Aorta
It is the largest
artery that
can be found
in the heart
Artery Arterioles
It connects
with
capillaries
- Moves blood away from the
heart.
- It generally carries oxygenated
blood from the heart going to
the target organs or tissues
except pulmonary artery since it
carries deoxygenated blood
from the organs via heart and
this blood will be oxygenated in
the alveoli of the lungs.
Structures of Artery
1.Rich in elastic fibers
2.Layers: Tunica adventitia, Tunica media and Tunica intima
3.Located deeply along tissues.

20. Blood Vessels

21. Blood
Vessels
Sizes Movements and Functions
Large Medium Small
Vein
Vena Cava
Pre-cava
(Anterior vein or
Superior vena
cava)
Post-cava
(Posterior cava
or Inferior vena
cava)
Vein Venules - Moves towards the heart.
- It generally carries
deoxygenated blood from the
tissues/organs back to the
heart. Except for pulmonary
veins since it carries
oxygenated blood from the
lungs going back to the heart
and will be delivered
oxygenated blood throughout
the body.
Structures of Veins
1. Less elastic fibers, thin muscular
2. It has valves since organs do not have pumping capacity; valves
prevent the backflow of the blood.
3. It is found superficially found in tissue (above)

22. Blood Vessels

23. Capillaries
Smallest among the
vessels
connect arterioles
and venules
enabling exchange
of nutrients and
gases.

24. Modified Blood Vessels
1. Pulmonary Arteries – Carries deoxygenated blood
from the heart going to lungs
2. Pulmonary Veins – Carries oxygenated blood from
lungs going back to heart.
1. Atrium (Right and Left)
- Separated by Interatrial Septum
2. Ventricle (Right and Left)
- Separated by Interventricular Septum
Chambers of the Heart

25. Mammalian HeartPulmonary artery
- to lungs
Right Atrium RA
Receives
Deoxygented
Blood from
body
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Right Ventricle RV
Pumps to lungs for
gas exchange
Left Ventricle LV
Pumps oxygenated
blood to body via aorta
Atrioventricular
valve
Left Atrium LA
Receives oxgenated
blood from lungs
Semilunar
valve
Pulmonary veins -
from lungs to heart
Aorta - systemic
circulation

27. Circulation
Importance: Eliminates CO2 and supply O2 gas to
respective organs
Tissues/Organs  Capillaries  Venules  Veins  Pre-cava/Post cava 
Right Atrium  Right Ventricles  Pulmonary Artery 
(for oxygenation)
Lungs 
(gas exchange in alveoli)
Pulmonary Vein  Left Atrium  Left Ventricle  Aorta  Artery
Arterioles  Capillaries  Tissue/Organ
Sample of Complete Systemic Circulation including pulmonary circulation
(Pre Cava if the organs are found above the heart, Post cava if the organs are
Located below the heart)

28. CirculationLegs Capillaries Venules Veins Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Right VentriclePulmonary ArteryLUNGSPulmonary VeinLeft Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Legs

29. Circulation
Legs
Capillaries
Venules Veins
Inferior
Vena Cava
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
VeinLeft
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
AortaArteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

30. Circulation
Eyes
Capillaries
Venules Veins
Superior
Vena Cava
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
VeinLeft
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
AortaArteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

31. Circulation
Knee
Capillaries
Venules Veins
Inferior
Vena Cava
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
VeinLeft
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
AortaArteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

32. Circulation
Ears
Capillaries
Venules Veins
superior
Vena Cava
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
VeinLeft
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
AortaArteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

33. Portal Circulation
occurs once the organs are found in
digestive tract,
the name of the blood vessels depends on
the organ where it is located,
After the respective veins, it passes the
portal vein so the blood will be detoxified in
the liver

34. Small Intestine
Intestinal Capillaries
Intestinal Venules
Intestinal Veins
Liver
Hepatic Vein
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
Vein
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Aorta
Intestinal Arteries
Intestinal Arterioles
Intestinal Capillaries
Portal CirculationPortal Vein (Including vein & Capillaries)
Right Atrium

35. Stomach
Gastric Capillaries
Gastric Venules
Gastric Veins
Liver
Hepatic Vein
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
Vein
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Aorta
Gastric Arteries
Gastric Arterioles
Gastric Capillaries
Portal CirculationPortal Vein (Including vein & Capillaries)
Right Atrium

36. Renal Circulation

38. Lymphatic System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin
MASEd in Biology

40. Components of Lymphatic System
Lymph  basic functional unit of lymphatic
system. It consists of lymphocytes, water,
elements and Proteins.
Important cell.
Monocyte and Macrocytes/Macrophages –
they are white blood cells which are small
(monocyte) in normal condition while enlarge
during there are infections.

41. Specialized Tissues of Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes which are reticular tissues founds in
tonsils and appendix. These organs enlarge when
acquired too much infections.

42. Specialized Tissues of Lymphatic System
Lymph Vessels. parallel to the passageways of
the blood vessels.

43. Specialized Tissues of Lymphatic System
Thoracic duct which joins the circulatory and
lymphatic system so all of the plasma proteins will
be delivered back to the blood.

44. ABO Blood Typing System
BLOOD TYPE ANTIGEN Antibody
Type A Aa Antibody is B
Type B Bb Antibody is A
Type AB AaBb No antibody
Type O O (No antigen) With antibody for A and B
Superscripts a,b are for antigen per blood type

46. ABO Blood Typing System
BLOOD TYPE ANTIGEN Antibody
Type A Aa Antibody is B
Type B Bb Antibody is A
Type AB AaBb No antibody
Type O O (No antigen) With antibody for A and B
Superscripts a,b are for antigen per blood type

47. ABO Blood Typing System
Superscripts a,b are for antigen per blood type
Recipient
DONOR
A (a B) B (b A) AaBb O (A,B)
A (a B)  x  x
B (b A) x   x
AaBb x x  x
O (A,B)    

51. Respiratory System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin
MASEd in Biology

52. Types of Respiration
Cellular Respiration (Internal Respiration) –
exchange of gases between and amongst
cells.
Breathing (External Respiration) – exchange
of gases between the organism and the
environment

53. Components of Respiratory System

54. Respiratory Tract1. Nose
2. Nostril
3. Nasal Cavity
4. Nasal Pharynx (Throat)
5. Larynx (voice box)
6. Trachea (Wind pipe)
7. Left & Right Bronchi
8. Bronchiole
9. Bundle of Alveoli
Passageway of
air
Exchange of gases

55. filter, warm and moisten the airNose

56. Nasal cavity –
passageway of air
Nasal Pharynx/Nasopharynx
(throat)
- Passageway of air

57. Larynx – phonation & speech, guarded by epiglottis
which prevents food and water to enter the
respiratory tract.

58. Trachea – composed of two
cartilages that branch out
into bronchi. It also serves as
Passageway of air

59. Bronchi – branch out into
bronchiole. It also serves a
passageway of air

60. Bronchioles - The tiny branch of air tubes within the
lungs that is a continuation of the bronchus.
The bronchioles are connected to the alveoli (air sacs)

61. Bundle of Alveoli - masses of alveoli where exchange of gases
takes place.

62. Important Respiratory Muscles
2. Intercostal muscles –
between the ribs
1. Diaphragm – between
thorax and abdomen

63. Two Stages of Breathing
1.Inhalation – chest expands and diaphragm contracts
2.Exhalation – chest contracts and diaphragm relaxes.