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Cell cycle
- 1. Jelo Hagos
- 2. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points; describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=46; discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis; explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis; and identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle. Learning Competencies
- 3. Which body organ can regenerate? Query?! Liver
- 4. Cells go through a cycle of alternating stages of division and rest from division. This is called the Cell cycle. The non-dividing stage, which is devoted largely to cell growth, is called interphase. Introduction
- 5.
- 6. Interphase includes three phases, as follows: G1 phase is the period when the cell increases in size in preparation for cell division. S phase is the period during which DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated. Each strand of the double-stranded chromosome produced is called a sister chromatid. G2 phase is the period when the cell continues to synthesize RNA and proteins and increase in size. Mitosis
- 7. Prophase is when chromosomes coil up into rod-shaped structures, nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear and spindle fibers are formed. Metaphase involves the alignment of double-stranded chromosomes at the equatorial plate, with the kinetochores attaching the chromosomes to the spindle fibers. Mitosis
- 8. Anaphase begins with the centromeres and ends with the migration of single- stranded chromosomes to the poles. Telophase is also known as ‘reverse prophase’ since it involves the uncoiling of chromosomes, reappearance of the nucleoli and nuclear membrane, and dissappearance of the spindle fibers. Mitosis
- 9. Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of a cell plate that eventually develops into the cell wall and the middle lamella. In animal cells, the formation of a cleavage furrow occurs. Mitosis
- 10. 1. What is the diploid chromosome number (2N) of the cell? 2. How many kinds of chromosomes does the cell contain? How are they represented in the drawing? 3. Are the chromosomes at prophase single-stranded or double-stranded? 4. What attaches the chromosome to the spindle fiber during metaphase? Study the diagrammatic representation of the stages of mitosis on the board
- 11. 5. How many chromosomes are there in the cell at metaphase? 6. How many chromosomes are in the cell at anaphase? Are the chromosomes single-stranded or double-stranded? 7. How many chromosomes are present in each nucleus formed at telophase? Study the diagrammatic representation of the stages of mitosis on the board
- 12. What will happen when cell’s division goes wrong? Query?!
- 13.
- 14. The sex cells are produced through a type of nuclear division that reduces chromosome number to half of that parent cell. This reduction-division is called meiosis. Meiosis involves two consecutive divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis
- 15. 1. How many chromosomes attach to each spindle fiber during Metaphase I? 2. How many chromosomes are there in the cell at Metaphase I? 3. How many chromosomes are in the cell at Anaphase I? Are the chromosomes single- stranded or double-stranded? 4. How many chromosomes are present in each nucleus formed at telophase I? Query?!
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- 18. All images: Google chrome Online References:
Editor's Notes
- There are two common types of cell division that cells may undergo, namely, mitosis and meiosis. Strictly speaking mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division of the cytoplasm referred to as cytokinesis.
- Interphase—Most actively dividing cells spend some 90 percent of their time at this stage. When cells divide, two parts may be involved, namely, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The division of the nucleus is called mitosis and the division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. Strictly speaking, mitosis is a type of nuclear division that produces 2 daughter nuclei, each containing exactly the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
- Some cells complete this cycle of interphase and mitosis within 24 hours, while others may take years before they go through the process of cell division. The cells at the apical meristem of an onion root divides every 20 hours. The epithelial cells in your intestine divide once every 10 hours. Interphase—Most actively dividing cells spend some 90 percent of their time at this stage. When cells divide, two parts may be involved, namely, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The division of the nucleus is called mitosis and the division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. Strictly speaking, mitosis is a type of nuclear division that produces 2 daughter nuclei, each containing exactly the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones. Because centrioles function in cell division, the fact that neurons lack these organelles is consistent with the amitotic nature of the cell. ... Some cells in human body never divide and one such cell is neuron. They lack centrioles and hence cannot perform mitosis. So nerve cells do not divide.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.
- G1-RNA and proteins including enzymes needed for making DNA are synthesized. S pahse- each strand of the double-stranded chromosomes produced is called a sister chromatid. G1 prepare for the next division or they may go into an arrested, quiescent stage known as G0 state to differentiate. Some cells, such as nerve cells and blood cells, remain in G0 all their lives. Mature red blood cells (RBCs) do not replicate due to a lack of a nucleus, DNA and most of the metabolic systems needed for mitosis. ... RBCs are derived from large erythroblasts in bone marrow which undergo mitosis at high rate under the influence of various hormones.