The document discusses the six kingdoms of life: Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on the distinguishing characteristics of each kingdom, such as Archaea thriving in extreme environments, Bacteria having cell walls made of peptidoglycans or amino sugars, Protista being generally unicellular and eukaryotic, Fungi having cell walls made of chitin and decomposing organic matter, Plantae having cell walls made of cellulose and performing photosynthesis, and Animalia being multicellular and lacking cell walls. The document also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as plant and animal cells

1. Domains of LifePrepared by:
Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

2. Taxonomy – is the science of classifying
and naming organisms.
Systematics – is the science of
classifying and naming organisms
based on phylogenetic (evolutionary)
relationship and complexity.
Karl Von Linnae (Carolus Linnaeus)
- Father of Taxonomy

4. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaea EukaryaEubacteria DOMAIN
EUKARYOTES
Kingdom
PROKARYOTES

5. TAXONOMIC LEVEL
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: H. sapiens

6. Fig. 1-14
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya

7. Scientific Name:
How?
Why?
Dog (Eng.)
Canis familiaris

8. Differences of
Prokaryotic Cells and
Eukaryotic cells
Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

9. •Differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaea EukaryaEubacteria DOMAIN
Kingdom
EUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES

10. 1. Internal Membrane System
Organelles - Structures of the cell that is made up of
membranes and perform specific functions
(Present in Eukaryotes) (Absent in Prokaryotes)

12. 1. Internal Membrane System
Organelles - Structures of the cell that is made up of
membranes and perform specific functions
(Present in Eukaryotes) (Absent in Prokaryotes)

13. Presence and Absence of Nucleus

14. 2. Chromosomes
Eukaryotes- 2 or more chromosomes
- packaged with proteins (histones)
ProkaryoteEukaryote

16. 3. Extrachromosomal DNA
Prokaryote (Plasmid)Eukaryote (Mitochondrial DNA or
Chloroplast DNA)

18. CELL WALL
Eukaryotes:
Plants – (Cellulose and hemicellulose)
Fungi - Chitin

19. CELL WALL
Prokaryotes:
Peptidoglycans or Amino sugar
Muramic acid
Lipopolysaccharide

20. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- Does not involve gametes or sex cells
Eukaryotes- budding, binary fission, multiple fission
and fragmentation-regeneration

21. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Prokaryotes- binary fission

22. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- Involves fusion gametes or sex cells. Some involve
exchange of nuclear contents such as conjugation

23. Conjugation
- involves exchange of nuclear contents such as conjugation
Paramecium

24. Conjugation
Spirogyra

25. Prokaryotes- bacterial
conjugation

26. Composition of Flagella
Eukaryotes:
- flagellum is made up of the dimer tubulin to form
microtubules

27. Composition of Flagella
Prokaryotes:
Protein Flagellin

28. RIBOSOMES
Eukaryotes- 60S and 40S (S - Svedburg)
Prokaryotes – 50S and 30S

29. Summary:Points of Similarities and
Differences
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Internal Membrane
System (Organelle)
Absent Present
Presence of Nucleus
(Container of genetic
material)
Absent but with
nucleoid region
Present
No. of Chromosomes One only Two or more
Extrachromosomal DNA
(Secondary DNA)
Plasmids Mitochondrial DNA and
Chloroplast DNA

30. Summary:Points of Similarities and
Differences
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Chemical composition of
cell wall
Peptidoglycans,
muramic acids,
Lipopolysaccharide
Cellulose and Chitin
Asexual Reproduction
(Genetic Duplication)
Binary Fission Fragmentation -
regeneration, budding
Sexual Reproduction
(Genetic
Recombination)
Bacterial Conjugation Conjugation
Fertilization
Composition of Flagella Protein Flagellin Tubulin

31. Introduction to
- 6 Kingdoms of Life and their distinguishing
characteristics

32. 6 Kingdoms of Life

33. Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria
Points of
Differences
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
habitat Thriving in extreme types
of environment or harsh
environment like in
undersea volcanic vents,
acidic hot springs, salty
water, methane –rich
environment.
Found in normal
environments like the soil,
water, air, inside or on
plants, animals. Some
other bacteria live
symbiotically in the guts of
animals or elsewhere in
their bodies.
Cell wall
composition
lipopolysaccharides Peptidoglycans , muramic
acids and

34. Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria
Points of
Differences
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Oxygen
dependence
anaerobic Mostly aerobic and
few anaerobes
Groups of
bacteria
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
halophiles
Cyanobacteria or blue
green algae
Cocci bacteria
Bacilli bacteria
Spiral bacteria

35. Types of
Bacteria
according
to shape
(a) Spherical
(cocci)
1 µm
(b) Rod-shaped
(bacilli)
2 µm
(c) Spiral
5 µm

36. Anabaena
Photosynthetic
cells
Heterocyte
20 µm

37. Extreme Thermophiles

38. Some benefits of Bacteria
Many Eubacteria are also nitrogen fixers like
the Rhizobacteria that converts nitrogen into
usable forms in plants

39. Some benefits of Bacteria
They are also decomposers
that break down complex
organic compounds into
usable inorganic simple
forms. This makes them very
important components of
the ecosystem that make
possible the cycling of many
materials in the
environment.

40. Some benefits of Bacteria
Some eubacteria exhibit mutualistic symbiosis
with animals and man. An example of this is
Lactobacillus which is found in the intestines of
man. These bacteria assist man in the process of
digestion.
Many are used in medicine and industry via
genetic engineering where products like
enzymes, hormones like insulin, vaccines, blood
proteins, antibiotics and more are produced.

41. Some Harmful effects of Bacteria
Some bacteria cause food spoilage
Many cause diseases to man, animals, plants
and fungi. They are considered pathogens.

42. Some Harmful effects of Bacteria

43. Plants
Eukaryotic and Multicellular
Cell wall composition: Cellulose
and hemicelluloses
Has an organelle chloroplast
which contains pigments such as
chlorophyll that is responsible for
photosynthesis. (Autotroph)

45. Plant vs. Animal Cell
Points of Differences Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present absent
chloroplast present absent
Centrioles absent present
vacuoles large small
Reserved food starch glycogen

46. Fungi
Saprophytic in nature, they decompose complex
molecule into simple molecule.
Fungal cells do not have chloroplasts thus they
cannot perform photosynthesis
Fungal cell walls are made up of chitin.
Fungal cells do not differentiate thus they do not have
roots, leaves, stems or leaves.
Fungal cells grow at the tips of their hyphae.
Fungal cells produce spores for reproduction

47. Protista (Protist)
Generally, unicellular organisms
Eukaryotic
Many are ciliated or flagellated or
amoeboid
Some are autotrophs and others
are heterotrophs
Some with chloroplasts.

48. Animal-like Protist
Paramecium

49. Plant-like Protist
Diatoms

50. Plant Animal-like Protist
Euglena

51. Fungi-like Protist
Slime Molds

52. Macroscopic Algae
Green Algae, Red Algae and Brown Algae