This presentation contains the Human Skeletal and Muscular System. Components and Physiological Processes were also discussed. Naming of muscles was highly emphasized.

1. Skeletal System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

2. Components of Skeletal System
Points of
Difference
BONE CARTILAGE
1. Cells Osteocytes Chondrocytes
2. Membrane
covering
Periosteum Perichondrion
3. Structure Undergo
ossification
stable
4. Consistency Mineralized tissue Gel-like tissue
5. Nerve matrices Present Absent

3. General Functions of Skeletal System
Skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate and
derivatives such as calcium phosphate and serve
either for protection or for support.

4. General Functions of Skeletal System
Movement with skeletal muscles
Support
Protection of vital organs
Produces blood cells through red bone
marrow.
Stores Calcium and Phosphorus

5. Components of Skeletal System
Skull
Cranium or brain case
Sinuses or air spaces lined with mucous
membrane
Rib cage/thoracic basket
 Ribs
 Sternum (Chest bone)
APPENDICULAR
(Violet)
AXIAL
(Yellow)

6. Components of Skeletal System
Vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
4 Coccyx (fused) or tailbone
 These vertebrae are connected by intervertebral
discs to form, vertebral column or backbone
APPENDICULAR
(Violet)
AXIAL
(Yellow)

7. Components of Skeletal System
Pectoral girdle
Scapula - Clavicle
Humerus - Radio-ulna
 carpals, metacarpals & phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
 Pelvic bone - Patella
 Femur - Tibia-fibula
 Tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges
APPENDICULAR
(Violet)
AXIAL
(Yellow)

8. Components of Skeletal System
TYPES of Joints
Fibrous Joints - This type
of joint is held together
by only a ligament.
Examples are where the
teeth are held to their
bony sockets and at
both the radio-ulnar and
tibio-fibular joints.

9. Components of Skeletal System
TYPES of Joints
Cartilaginous Joints - These
joints occur where the
connection between the
articulating bones is made
up of cartilage for example
between vertebrae in the
spine.
Synchondroses
Symphesis joints

10. Components of Skeletal System
TYPES of Joints
Synchondroses are temporary joints which
are only present in children, up until the end
of puberty. For example the epiphyseal
plates in long bones.
Symphesis joints are permanent
cartilagenous joints, for example the pubic
symphesis.

11. Components of Skeletal System
TYPES of Joints
These are highly moveable and all have:
(1) synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding
the entire joint,
(2) synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule)
which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid)
and;
(3) hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the
articulating bones. There are 6 types of synovial joints
which are classified by the shape of the joint and the
movement available.

15. Components of Skeletal System
JOINT
Made up of ligaments
that connect
between bones.

22. Ossicles form
endoskeletal plate

23. Others are just for covering

26. Muscular System
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin
MASEd in Biology

27. General Functions of Muscular System
Excitability – capacity to
receive and response to a
stimulus.
Contractility – the ability to
contract or shorten
Extensibility – ability to stretch.
Elasticity – ability to return to its
original shape after being
stretched or contracted.

28. Review:

30. How muscles are named?
Size
Shape
Orientation of the muscle fibers
Mechanical action of the muscles
The points of origin and insertion
Number of origins of a muscle
Function of the muscle
Location of the muscle

31. How muscles are named?
Size (large or small, short or long, or wide.)
Maximus or magnus – Large

32. How muscles are named?
Size (large or small, short or long, or wide.)
Minimus – small

33. How muscles are named?
Size (large or small, short or long, or wide.)
Longus – long
Brevis - short

34. How muscles are named?
Size (large or small, short or long, or wide.)
Latissimus – "latus"
means "side."
Thus latissimus identifies
the largest muscle "in
width" in a group.
 Latissimus dorsi is the name of the large muscles that run from under your arms,
across your "sides," and then across the middle of your back. Bodybuilders refer to
these as their "lats."

35. How muscles are named?
Shape (Trapezoid, Triangle & flat)
Trapezius
(Trapezoid)
Triangle
(Deltoid)
Platysma
(Flat)

36. How muscles are named?
Orientation of the Muscle Fibers
Rectus
(Parallel to the Midline)
Oblique (Internal/External)
(angular at midline)
Transversus
(Perpendicular to the
midline)

37. How muscles are named?
Mechanical Action of the Muscles
Levator
(to lift)
Depressor
(to push/pull down)

38. How muscles are named?
Mechanical Action of the Muscles
Rotators
(produce a circular movement around a joint)
Sphincter
(close openings)

39. How muscles are named?
Mechanical Action of the Muscles
Abductor policis longus
(move bones away from a midline of the body)
Adductor
(move the bones back towards the midline)

40. How muscles are named?
Number of Points of Origin
Biceps
(Two Origins)
Triceps
(Three Origins)
Quadriceps
(Four Origins)

41. How muscles are named?
Functions of the muscles
Risorius
(“risor” means laugh,
Muscle for smiling and laughter)
Masseter
(means chew, functions
in Human Jaw)

42. How muscles are named?
Locations of the muscles
Zygomaticus
(Zygomatic/cheek bone)
Temporalis
(near temporal bone)

43. Comparisons of
Muscular SystemIn Lower Animals

44. Cnidarian

45. Flatworms

46. Roundworms

47. Segmented Worms

48. Arthropods

49. Echinoderms
 Water vascular cavity serves as muscular system of this phyla