5. 2024/2/27 5
• A substance or device, such as a piezoelectric crystal,
microphone or photoelectric cell, that converts input
energy of one form into output energy of another.
• humidity transducer
• impedance transducer
transducer
6. 2024/2/27 6
• transfer function
• system function
transfer function
A Transfer Function is the ratio of the output of a system to
the input of a system, in the Laplace domain considering its
initial conditions and equilibrium point to be zero.
7. 2024/2/27 7
• BIBO stability
In signal processing, specifically control theory,
bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability is a
form of stability for linear signals and systems that take
inputs.
If a system is BIBO stable, then the output will be
bounded for every input to the system that is bounded.
stability
9. 2024/2/27 9
• Gain
– An increase in signal power, voltage or current by an amplifier,
expressed as the ratio of output to input.
– Also called: amplification
• Bandwidth
– The numerical difference between the upper and lower frequencies
of a band of electromagnetic radiation, especially an assigned
range of radio frequencies.
– The difference, expressed in Hertz between the two limiting
frequencies of a band.
– The data transfer capacity (in bits per second) of a bit-parallel bus.
• Gain bandwidth
GBW
10. 2024/2/27 10
In electronics, signal conditioning means manipulating
an analog signal in such a way that it meets the
requirements of the next stage for further processing.
• signal conditioner
• signal conditioning
• air conditioner
• power conditioner
• water conditioner
signal conditioner
12. 2024/2/27 12
• Outline
– Op amps & computer (para.6, 7)
– Evolution of op amps (para.8, 9)
– Op amps: today & tomorrow (para.10, 11)
Text tour
13. 2024/2/27 13
• Op amp - the heart of the analog computer
– perform many mathematical operations such as
multiplication, addition, subtraction, division,
integration and differentiation
• Op amps in signal conditioning applications
• Op amp survived…
– the analog computers lost favor to digital computers
– the demand for op amps increased as measurement
applications increased.
Op amps & computer
15. 2024/2/27 15
• The first signal conditioning op amps were
constructed with vacuum tubes…
• µA709 - the first commercially successful IC op
amp
• µA741 followed the µA709
• a never-ending series of new op amps released
each year since then…
Evolution of op amps
16. 2024/2/27 16
• Op amp - the universal analog IC
– It can function as a line driver, comparator (one bit
A/D), amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal
conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage
source and etc
• A vital component of analog design
– the real world is an analog world
– each new generation of electronic equipment creates
requirements for new analog circuits; hence, new
generations of op amps are required to fulfill these
requirements.
Op amps: today & tomorrow
17. 2024/2/27 17
• Vocabulary
– underlying, present, graphical, perceptive,
passive, predominant
Language in use
19. 2024/2/27 19
• Lying under or beneath something:
underlying strata.
• Basic; fundamental.
• Present but not obvious; implicit:
an underlying meaning
• Taking precedence; prior:
an underlying financial claim.
Underlying in dictionary
20. 2024/2/27 20
• This is called negative feedback, and it is the underlying operating
principle for all modern day op amps.
Underlying in text
22. 2024/2/27 22
• To introduce, especially with formal ceremony.
• To bring before the public:
present a play
• To make a gift or an award of.
• To offer for observation, examination, or consideration; show or
display.
Present as a verb in dictionary
23. 2024/2/27 23
• In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the
stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods.
Present in text
25. 2024/2/27 25
• Graphical = Graphic
• Of or relating to written representation.
• Of or relating to pictorial representation.
• Described in vivid detail.
• Clearly outlined or set forth.
Graphical in dictionary
26. 2024/2/27 26
• In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the
stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods.
Graphical in text
27. 2024/2/27 27
graphic, lifelike, realistic, vivid
• a graphic account of the battle ；
• a lifelike portrait ；
• a realistic description ；
• a vivid recollection of the accident
Graphical in use
28. 2024/2/27 28
• Having or showing sensitive insight.
perceptive faculties
• Having the ability to perceive; keen in discernment.
Come to realize or understand:
– a good perceptive article 一
• Marked by discernment and understanding; sensitive.
Perceptive in dictionary
29. 2024/2/27 29
• Bode presented a log technique that transformed the
intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback
system’s stability into graphical analysis that was simple
and perceptive.
Perceptive in text
31. 2024/2/27 31
• Receiving or subjected to an action without responding or
initiating an action in return.
• Accepting or submitting without objection or resistance;
compliant.
• Not participating, acting or operating; inert.
Passive in dictionary
32. 2024/2/27 32
• Passive components had much better drift characteristics
than active components had, thus if an amplifier’s gain
could be made dependent on passive components, the
problem would be solved.
Passive in text
33. 2024/2/27 33
• Having greatest ascendancy, importance, influence, authority or force.
• Most common or conspicuous; main or prevalent:
the predominant color in a design.
predominant in dictionary
34. 2024/2/27 34
• As digital applications increase, analog applications also
increase because the predominant supply of data and
interface applications are in the real world, and the real
world is an analog world.
predominant in text
