3. Terminology
◦ cordless phone
◦ base station, mobile station
◦ antenna
◦ packet-switching
◦ MTSO, MSC, PSTN
The History of Mobile Radio
Communication
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Backgrounds
5. A cordless telephone or
portable telephone is a
telephone in which the
handset is portable and
communicates with the
body of the phone by
radio, instead of being
attached by a cord.
The range is limited,
usually to the same
building or some short
distance from the base
station.
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Cordless phone
6. Base station: In radio
communications, a base station is a
wireless communications station
installed at a fixed location and
used to communicate as part of one
of the following:
• a push-to-talk two-way radio
system or
• a wireless telephone system such
as cellular CDMA or GSM cell site
Mobile station: A mobile station
(MS) comprises all user equipment
and software needed for
communication with a mobile
network.
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Base station, mobile station
7. A metallic apparatus for
sending or receiving
electromagnetic waves.
Its is also called aerial.
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Antenna
8. A packet is …
A sequence of binary digits including data and call
control signals that is switched as a composite whole.
The data, call control signals and possibly error
control information, are arranged in a specific format.
It is the unit in which information (a message) is
transferred in a packet-switching network.
Packets may consist of as many as 8000 bits and
more from node to node in the network.
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packet-switching
11. 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communication
1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18 mi path
1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz
frequency band)
1933: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – Authorized four
channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range
1938: FCC – Ruled for regular service
1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex)
1956: FCC – 450 MHz (Simplex)
1959: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Suggested 32 MHz band for high
capacity mobile radio communication
1964: FCC – 152 MHz (Full Duplex)
1964: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Active research at 800 MHz
1969: FCC – 450 MHz (Full Duplex)
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12. 1974: FCC – 40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz
range
1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40
MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial
operation
1981: AT&T and RCC (Radio Common Carrier) reach an agreement to
split 40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A belongs to
nonwireline operators (RCC), and Band B belongs to wireline
operators (telephone companies). Each market has two operators.
1982: AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating
Companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations
1982: MFJ (Modified Final Judgment) is issued by the government
DOJ. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate long-distance
business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing
business
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13. 1983: Ameritech system in operation in Chicago
1984: Most RBOC markets in operation
1986: FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band
1987: FCC makes lottery on the small MSA and all RSA licenses
1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital
cellular standard in North America
1992: GSM (Groupe Special Mobile/ Global System for Mobile
Communications) operable in Germany D2 system
1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another
digital cellular standard in North America
1994: American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington
1994: PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan
1994: Two of six broadband PCS (Personal Communication Service)
license bands in auction
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14. 1995: CDMA operable in Hong Kong
1996: US Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act Bill
1996: The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120
MHz) almost reaches 20 billion US dollars
1997: Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third generation
mobile communication technologies for UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication Systems) during the UMTS workshop conference
held in Korea
1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next
generation mobile communication systems (e.g. W-CDMA,
cdma2000 etc.)
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15. 2024/2/27 15
Text tour
• Outline
– Introduction
– First-Generation Mobile Phones: Analog Voice
– AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System
16. Wireless telephones come in two basic varieties:
◦ cordless phones
◦ mobile phones
Mobile phones have gone through three distinct
generations:
◦ Analog voice
◦ Digital voice
◦ Digital voice and data
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Introduction
17. The first system for car-based telephones was set up in St.
Louis in 1946.
Such push-to-talk systems, were installed in several cities
beginning in the late 1950s.
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) was installed
in the 1960s.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), was first
installed in the United States in 1982.
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First-Generation Mobile Phones:
Analog Voice
18. Cells
◦ In all mobile phone systems, a geographic region is
divided up into cells.
◦ In AMPS, the cells are typically 10 to 20 km across.
◦ The cellular design increases the system capacity by at
least an order of magnitude, more as the cells get smaller.
◦ Smaller cells mean that less power is needed.
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AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone
System
19. 2024/2/27 19
Figure 4.1. (a) Frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells.
(b) To add more users, smaller cells can be used.
AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone
System
20. The idea of frequency reuse
When the system is overloaded by increasing no. of
users, the overloaded cells are split into smaller
microcells to permit more frequency reuse.
◦ Grouped in units of seven cells with different group of
frequencies.
◦ For each frequency set, there is a buffer where that
frequency is not reused, providing for good separation
and low interference.
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AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone
System
21. Base station, MTSO or MSC
◦ A base station is at the center of each cell
◦ All the base stations are connected to MTSO (mobile
telephone switching office) or MSC (mobile
switching center)
◦ The MTSOs communicate with the base stations, each
other and the PSTN using a packet-switching network.
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AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone
System
25. Following as a natural effect, result or conclusion:
◦ tried to prevent an oil spill and the consequent damage to
wildlife.
Following as a logical conclusion.
Logically correct or consistent.
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Consequent in dictionary
26. Consequently, the usual rule of ‘‘caller pays’’ also applies
to mobile phones in Europe (except for international calls
where costs are split).
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Consequent in text
27. be consequent on /upon
◦ The confusion consequent on the earthquake
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Consequent in use
28. The action of interfering or the process of being interfered with.
Something that hinders, obstructs or impedes.
The variation of wave amplitude that occurs when waves of the same
or nearly the same frequency come together.
The inhibition or prevention of clear reception of broadcast signals.
The distorted portion of a received signal.
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Interference in dictionary
29. Also, due to the large power of the hilltop transmitter,
adjacent systems had to be several hundred kilometers
apart to avoid interference.
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Interference in text
30. harmonic interference
hum interference
image frequency interference
intermodulation interference
intersymbol interference
inverse mixture interference
line interference
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Interference in use
31. The ability to receive, hold or absorb.
A measure of this ability; volume.
The maximum amount that can be contained
Ability to perform or produce; capability.
The maximum or optimum amount that can be produced
◦ factories operating below capacity.
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Capacity in dictionary
32. The key idea that gives cellular systems far more capacity
than previous systems is the use of relatively small cells
and the reuse of transmission frequencies in nearby (but
not adjacent) cells.
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Capacity in text
33. at full capacity
be filled (packed) to capacity
in one’s capacity as，in the capacity of
capacity for /of/ to do
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Capacity in use
36. Thus, the cellular design increases the system capacity by
at least an order of magnitude, more as the cells get
smaller.
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Magnitude in text
37. magnitude of a complex number
magnitude of a real number
magnitude of a vector
magnitude of current
magnitude of error
magnitude of profit
magnitude of value
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Magnitude in use
38. A device used to break or open an electric circuit or to
divert current from one conductor to another.
The act or process of operating a switching device.
The result achieved by such an act.
An exchange or a swap, especially one done secretly.
A transference or shift, as of opinion or attention.
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Switch in dictionary
39. The MTSOs (Mobile Telephone Switching Office)
communicate with the base stations, each other, and the
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network ) using a
packet-switching network.
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Switch in text
