Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Leprosy has been recognized throughout history in many ancient civilizations. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth during close contact with untreated cases. While not highly infectious, untreated leprosy can cause permanent damage to skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and confirmation is through skin smears or biopsy. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
References
Fisherman's Pulmonary Diseases & Disorders 5th ed
Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 6th ed
Croatian & Douglas Respiratory Medicine 5th ed
Harrison's Principle of Internal Medicine 19th edition
NEJM Article
“Patient Education is an individualized, systematic, structured process to assess and impart knowledge or develop a skill in order to effect a change in behavior. The goal is to increase comprehension and participation in the self-management of health care needs.”
“A restraint is any manual method, physical or mechanical device, material or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to move his/her arms, legs, body or head freely” (e.g. -Safe keeper bed, Posey bed, safety mitt, soft limb restraint), or a restraint is a drug or medication when it is used as a restriction to manage the patient's behavior or restrict the patient's freedom of movement and is not standard treatment or dosage for the patient's condition A restraint does not include devices, such as orthopedically prescribed devices, surgical dressings or bandages, protective helmets, or other methods that involve the physical holding of a patient for the purpose of conducting routine physical examinations or tests, or to protect the patient from falling out of bed, or to permit the patient to participate in activities without the risk of physical harm., side rails, airways, trapeze etc.
Unit 10 Promoting Safety in Health Care Enevronment (FON).pdfKULDEEP VYAS
Healthcare environments need to provide a balance between the need for practical and clinical activities or procedures to take place within them, while creating an environment that can contribute to a good experience.
International Nurses Day
IND is celebrated around the world every May 12, the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birth. ICN commemorates this important day each year with the production and distribution of the International Nurses' Day (IND) resources and evidence.
Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored.
Evaluation is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.Evaluation requires many skills that are as important as other elements of the instructional process.
Human resource management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
HRM is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment ,managing and providing direction for the people working in that organization.
*It is the organizational function dealing with issues related to people such as hiring, compensation, performance management ,safety, organization development, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration and training.
Moulding or training of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviour is known as discipline.it helps a person to have some control over another person.
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Directing leading in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Directing is the fourth phase of the management process, it can also be called as coordinating or activating
*Here the leadership and the management skills are both required in order to accomplish the goal of the organization.
*It consists of 2 major components like guidance and supervision which is to be done during job process which help the nurses to utilize their total skills and knowledge in providing the quality care.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
-It is a statement of anticipated results during a designated
time period expressed financial and nonfinancial terms.
-Three essential steps in the control process are establishing standards, comparing results with standards and taking corrective action.
-Budgeting process starts when top-level management establishes the strategies and goals for the organization.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. What is leprosy ?
• Leprosy (also known Hansen’s Disease) is an infectious disease
caused by Mycobacterium leprae which involves the skin and
peripheral nerves.
2Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
3. History of leprosy
• Leprosy was recognized in the ancient civilizations of
China, Egypt and India.
• The earliest documented account of leprosy is around
1550 B.C on Egyptian papyrus.
• Through out history, the badly affected have often been
hated by their communities and families.
3Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
4. CONT..
• Discovered by Gerhard Armauer Hansen in 1873.
Global Project on the History of Leprosy
http://www.leprosyhistory.org/graphics/gallery/hansen.jpg
4Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
5. Overview
• Key facts about
leprosy :
▫ Leprosy is a chronic
infectious disease
caused by an acid-fast,
rod-shaped bacillus,
Mycobacterium leprae.
▫ Unlike other
mycobacteria, it does
not grow in artificial
media or even in tissue
culture.
Scollard, DM et al. 2006. “The continuing challenges of leprosy.”
Clinical microbiology reviews 19, no. 2: 338-81.
5Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
6. Facts …
• M. leprae multiplies very slowly and the incubation period of
the disease is about five years. (average 3 yrs)
• Symptoms can take as long as 20 years to appear.
• Leprosy is not highly infectious.
• Leprosy is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth,
during close and frequent contacts with untreated cases.
• Untreated, leprosy can cause progressive and permanent damage to
the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes.
6Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
7. Transmission
• The exact mechanism of transmission of leprosy is
not known.
• the most widely held belief is that the disease is
transmitted by contact between cases of leprosy and
healthy persons.
• & Transmission nasal discharges (droplets).
• Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from
early infancy to very old age.
7Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
8. Risk Factors for Leprosy
• Close contact — Contacts of patients with leprosy have a higher risk
of developing leprosy than the general population
• People who live in the areas where leprosy is endemic
(parts of India, China, Japan, Nepal, Egypt, and other areas) and
especially those people in constant physical contact with infected
people.
• Immunity – immunocompromised individuals are more
susceptible to infection.
• Genetic influences - There is some evidence that genetic defects in
the immune system may cause certain people to be more likely to
become infected (region q25 on chromosome 6).
• Armadillo exposure — Leprosy is enzootic in the nine-banded
armadillo
8Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
9. Classification of Leprosy
• Two types of classification :
▫ Skin smear result classification. ( WHO )
▫ Clinical classification. (Ridley Jopling)
9Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
10. Classification of Leprosy
▫ Skin smear result (WHO) classification :
• 1- Paucibacillary leprosy (PB) – few Bacilli;
• Two to five skin lesions with negative skin smear results at all
sites.
• 2. Multibacillary leprosy (MB);
• Any form of leprosy in which the patient shows positive
smears at any site
10Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
13. Clinical features
1. Skin lesions, usually anaesthetic
Hypopigmented or erythematus patch / plaque .
2. Complete / partial loss of sensation.
Painless wounds or burns on the hands or feet
Paresthesias: tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Diminished sensation or loss of sensation within skin patch(es)
3. Thickening of peripheral nerves.
4. Lumps or swelling on the earlobes or face.
5. Tender, enlarged peripheral nerves.
13Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
14. Indeterminate leprosy :Hypopigmented patch, sensation normal, no
palpable peripheral nerve and slit skin smear negative
14Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
15. Tuberculoid Leprosy: Annular, erythematous, anasthetic patch with well
defined and raised borders and SSS Negative.
15Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
16. Tuberculoid leprosy: Two hypopigmented patches, hypoasthetic well
defined borders, palpable peripheral nerve and SSS negative.
16Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
19. Borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL/MB)
Borderline lepromatous case showing borderline tuberculoid and
"punched- out" mid borderline lesions together with papular and
nodular lesions more typical of lepromatous disease.
19Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
20. A -Claw hand due to median and ulnar
nerve damage.
B- hands showing neurotrophic
atrophy.
20Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
21. Pathogenesis
• The areas most commonly affected by leprosy
are the superficial peripheral nerves , skin
,mucous membranes of the upper respiratory
tract, eyes , and tests
• Tissue damage is caused by the degree to which
cell-mediated immunity is expressed , the extent
of bacillary spread and multiplication ,
immunologic complication and nerve damage
21Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
22. Cont…
• M leprae is an obligate intracellular acid-fast
bacillus with unique ability to enter nerves
22Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
23. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis of leprosy is most commonly based
on the clinical sign and symptoms.
• In an endemic country or area, an individual
should be regarded as having leprosy if he or
she shows ONE of the following cardinal signs :
• skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with
definite sensory loss, with or without thickened
nerves
• positive skin smears
23Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
24. Cont…
• If you have a suspicious skin sore, your doctor
will remove a small sample of the abnormal skin
and send it to a laboratory to be examined. This
is called a skin biopsy . A skin smear test may
also be done. With paucibacillary leprosy, no
bacteria will be detected. In contrast, bacteria are
expected to be found on a skin smear test from a
person with multibacillary leprosy.
24Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
26. Treatment
• Common drugs
i. Dapson
ii. Refampicine
iii. Clofazimine
The combination of these three drugs
Is known as multi drug therapy (MDT)
26Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
29. complication
• disfigurement
• hair loss, particularly on the eyebrows and eyelashes
• muscle weakness
• permanent nerve damage in the arms and legs
• inability to use the hands and feet
• Nosebleeds
• iritis (inflammation of the iris of the eye), glaucoma
(an eye disease that causes damage to the optic
nerve), and blindness
• Infertility
• kidney failure 29Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN