Elephantiasis is the general term used for the disease which causes extreme swelling in the arms and legs. The tissues of the Lymph system become thick and inflamed. This disease also goes by the name Lymphatic Filariasis or Elephantitis.
Elephantiasis is the general term used for the disease which causes extreme swelling in the arms and legs. The tissues of the Lymph system become thick and inflamed. This disease also goes by the name Lymphatic Filariasis or Elephantitis.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
ug class on leishmaniasis/ kala azar taken for 3rd MBBS students. also information in pictorial form on all types of leishmaniasis with epidemiology.
reference -Paniker's Parasitology and Manson's tropical diseases.
Concept about worm infestation
about--definition,causative agent,etiology,general pathophysiology,symptoms about worm infestation,management and prevention of worm infestation
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
ug class on leishmaniasis/ kala azar taken for 3rd MBBS students. also information in pictorial form on all types of leishmaniasis with epidemiology.
reference -Paniker's Parasitology and Manson's tropical diseases.
Concept about worm infestation
about--definition,causative agent,etiology,general pathophysiology,symptoms about worm infestation,management and prevention of worm infestation
Leishmaniasis is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus Leishmania. It is generally spread through the bite of phlebotomine sandflies, Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, and occurs most frequently in the tropics and sub-tropics of Africa, Asia,
Presentation includes visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, PKDL and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
Guidelines by WHO and National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, India
“Patient Education is an individualized, systematic, structured process to assess and impart knowledge or develop a skill in order to effect a change in behavior. The goal is to increase comprehension and participation in the self-management of health care needs.”
“A restraint is any manual method, physical or mechanical device, material or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to move his/her arms, legs, body or head freely” (e.g. -Safe keeper bed, Posey bed, safety mitt, soft limb restraint), or a restraint is a drug or medication when it is used as a restriction to manage the patient's behavior or restrict the patient's freedom of movement and is not standard treatment or dosage for the patient's condition A restraint does not include devices, such as orthopedically prescribed devices, surgical dressings or bandages, protective helmets, or other methods that involve the physical holding of a patient for the purpose of conducting routine physical examinations or tests, or to protect the patient from falling out of bed, or to permit the patient to participate in activities without the risk of physical harm., side rails, airways, trapeze etc.
Unit 10 Promoting Safety in Health Care Enevronment (FON).pdfKULDEEP VYAS
Healthcare environments need to provide a balance between the need for practical and clinical activities or procedures to take place within them, while creating an environment that can contribute to a good experience.
International Nurses Day
IND is celebrated around the world every May 12, the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birth. ICN commemorates this important day each year with the production and distribution of the International Nurses' Day (IND) resources and evidence.
Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored.
Evaluation is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.Evaluation requires many skills that are as important as other elements of the instructional process.
Human resource management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
HRM is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment ,managing and providing direction for the people working in that organization.
*It is the organizational function dealing with issues related to people such as hiring, compensation, performance management ,safety, organization development, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration and training.
Moulding or training of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviour is known as discipline.it helps a person to have some control over another person.
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Directing leading in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Directing is the fourth phase of the management process, it can also be called as coordinating or activating
*Here the leadership and the management skills are both required in order to accomplish the goal of the organization.
*It consists of 2 major components like guidance and supervision which is to be done during job process which help the nurses to utilize their total skills and knowledge in providing the quality care.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
-It is a statement of anticipated results during a designated
time period expressed financial and nonfinancial terms.
-Three essential steps in the control process are establishing standards, comparing results with standards and taking corrective action.
-Budgeting process starts when top-level management establishes the strategies and goals for the organization.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. It’s a communicable disease.
Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal diseases caused
by parasites of genus “ Leishmania”.
Genus Leishmania is named after Sir William Leishman,
who discovered the flagellate protozoa causing Kala-azar,
the Indian visceral leishmaniasis.
Majority of leishmaniasis are zoonoses involving wild/
domestic mammals (rodents , canines).
Kala-Azar/Dum-Dum fever in India 3Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
4. Various syndromes in humans
1. Kala-azar/visceral leishmaniasis (V.L)
2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (C.L)
3. Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (M.C.L)
4. Anthroponotic or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis(A.C.L)
5. Zoonotic or rural cutaneous leishmaniasis (Z.C.L)
6. Post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (P.K.D.L)
• Kala-azar=black sickness
4Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
6. • Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is a major public health problem in
many parts of world.
• According to WHO, 5,00,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur
every year.
• Of these new cases, 90% are found in the Indian subcontinent and
Sudan and Brazil.
• The disease occurs in endemic, epidemic, or sporadic forms. Major
Problem Statement
6Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
8. • The resurgence of Kala-azar in India, beginning in the mid1970s
assumed epidemic proportions in 1977 and involved over 1,10,000 cases
in humans.
• Initially, the disease was confined to Bihar. Since then, the cases are
increasing and involving newer areas.
• The epidemic extended to West Bengal and first outbreak occurred in
1980 in Malda district.
• At present, the disease has established its endemicity in 31 districts in
Bihar, 11 districts in West Bengal, 5 districts in Jharkhand, and 3
districts in Uttar Pradesh. Sporadic cases have been reported from Tamil
Problem Statement- India
8Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
10. Epidemiological determinants
1. Agent factors
The causative organisms are
• L.donovani for V.L
• L.tropica for C.L
• L.braziliensis for M.C.L
Reservoir-animals: Dogs,
Jackals,
Foxes and Rodents.
10Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
12. 2. Host –Factors
• Age: Peak age incidence 5 to 9 years.
• Sex: Males are affected twice to females.
• Population movement: From endemic to non-endemic areas.
• Socio-economic status: Strikes poorest of poor.
• Occupation: Workers of forestry, mining, fishing
• Immunity: Gives lasting immunity. 12Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
13. 3. Environmental Factors
Altitude: Confined to plains.
Season: During and after rains(peak in November and april).
Rural areas: Suitable for breeding of sand fly.
Vectors: Phlebotomus argentipes for V.L
P.papatasi
P.sergenti
Development Projects: Cultivation projects, Colonization, migrants
} C.L
13Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
15. Mode of transmission
•By bite and contact when insect is crushed during act
of feeding.
•Transmission also takes place through contaminated
blood transfusion.
• Extrinsic incubation period is 6-9 days.
• Incubation period is about 1-4 months.
15Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
21. • CL: characterized by painful ulcers.
These are restricted to skin. (DD- leprosy)
Variant – diffuse C.L.
• MCL: Similar to CL but appears around margin of mouth and nose
21Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
29. 1) Parasitological diagnosis: Demonstration of LD
Bodies in the aspirations of spleen, liver, bone
marrow, lymph nodes or in the skin.
2) Aldehyde test of Napier: Used for diagnosis of VL.
1-2 ml of serum from a patient of VL and a
drop or 2 drops of 40% formalin is added.
+ve test→Jellification to milk
-It becomes positive 2-3 months after on
set of disease and reverse to negative 6months after
cure.
-It also positive in reversed Ab/Gb ratio.
29Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
30. 3) Serological test : DAT, ELISA,IFAT
ELISA used for diagnosis as well as
epidemiological field survey.
4) Leishmanin(montengro) test: It’s a skin
test.
Induration of 5mm or more is positive.
Usually positive after 4-6 weeks after onset
of case of C.L and M.C.L.
-ve in active phase of V.L and becomes +ve
in 75% of people after recovery.
5) Hematological findings: Progressive
leucopenia, anaemia, reversed Ab/Gb ratio.
E.S.R is increased.
30Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
33. Control measures
1)control of reservoir: Active and passive case
detection and treatment.
House to house visits and mass surveys.
Treatment: Pentavalent antimony compounds
are used.
Recommended schedule: Sodium stibogluconate
20mg/KG daily for 20 days.
Second line drug: Pentamidine isethionate
3mg/KG for 10 days.
Amphoterecin B 1mg/KG for 20 days.
Milteforsine 2.5mg/KG for 4 weeks.
Animal reservoir: Dogs & rodent control
programme
33Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
34. 2) Sand fly control:
• DDT is first choice of insecticide.
• BHC is used for resistance cases.
• Sanitation measures: Elimination of
breeding places and location of
cattle shed at a far distance.
34Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN
35. 3)Personal prophylaxis
• Health education.
• Individual protect measures like
1. Avoiding sleeping on the
floor.
2.Using fine mesh nets.
• Insect repellants for temporary
protection.
• Keeping environment clean.
35Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. N. CHN