Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is characterized by lesions of the peripheral nerves, skin, and nasal mucosa. There are different clinical classifications of leprosy based on immune response and bacterial load, ranging from tuberculoid leprosy with few bacteria and strong immune response to lepromatous leprosy with many bacteria and weak immune response. Without treatment, leprosy can cause permanent damage, especially to the hands, feet, and face.
The information about Leprosy is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
The information about Leprosy is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Massive Splenomegaly By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir Associa...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr.Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir India,Associate Prof of medicine presently working in malaysia is a keen teacher, educator and takes pride in his clinical and research accomplishments. His interests include publishing articles related to health issues.Email drbashir123@gmail.com
Causes of Splenomegaly By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir Assoc...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr.Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir India,Associate Prof of medicine presently working in malaysia is a keen teacher, educator and takes pride in his clinical and research accomplishments. His interests include publishing articles related to health issues.Email drbashir123@gmail.com
Oldest disease known to mankind
First described in ancient Indian
texts as “Kustha roga” attributed ]
to curse from God
Leper : Greek “scaly”
Hansen’s Disease – 1873 Norwegian Armauer Hansen discovered that leprosy is caused by bacterium - Mycobacterium leprae
Albert Neisser (1879) – stained the organism with fuchsin & gentian violet ( AFB )
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. It is a chronic infectious disease
characterized by lesions of the peripheral
nerve, skin, and mucus
membrane of the URT(nasal mucosa).
World's oldest recorded disease
Every year January 27 is World Leprosy Day
3
5. M. leprae is discovered by Hansen from Norway in 1873
5
6. Leprosy develops slowly from 6 months up to
40 yrs
Results in skin lesions and deformities, most
often affecting the cooler places on the body
( for example: eyes, nose, earlobes, hands,
feet, and testicles) that can be very disfiguring.
6
7. Although human-to-
human transmission is
the primary source of
infection, two other
species can carry and
(rarely) transfer M.
leprae to humans:
chimpanzees and
nine-banded
armadillos.
7
8. The spread of leprosy is believed to be via nasal
discharge (Droplet infection).
Every 1 cc of nasal secretion contains 1- 2millions lepra bacilli
9. 1. Residence in an endemic area.
2. Poverty (malnutrition).
3. Contact with affected armadillo.
4. Immunity
9
10. The incubation period range from 3 -5 years.
Males appear to be twice common than females.
Bimodal age (10-14 years & 35-44 years).
Children are more susceptible to disease.
10
12. Earliest & transitory
phase.
One or two vague
hypopigmented macule
with definite sensory
impairment.
If untreated may
progress towards
tuberculoid, borderline
or lepromatous leprosy.
Spontaneous regression
may occur.
13. A typical lesion shows
asymmetrical hypopigmented,
sharply demarcated macules or
reddish plaques, which spreads at
the periphery and heals in the
centre.
Lepromin Skin Test is positive.
13
16. TUBERCULOID LEPROSY
M/E: Histologically TT
resemble tuberculosis.
Characterized by
tuberculoid granuloma,
made up of epitheloid cell
in the center surrounded by
Langhans giant cells,
lymphocytes and foci of
non-caseating necrosis.
Weak acid-fast bacilli.
16
17. Lepromatous leprosy involves:
◦ the skin,
◦ peripheral nerves,
◦ anterior chamber of the eye,
◦ upper airways (down to the larynx),
◦ testes,
◦ hands and feet.
The vital organs and CNS are rarely affected,
presumably because the core temperature is
too high for growth of M. leprae.
17
18. Lepromatous lesions contain large
aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages
(lepra cells), often filled with masses
(“globi”) of acid-fast bacilli.
Because of the abundant bacteria,
lepromatous leprosy is referred to as
“multibacillary”.
Lepromin skin test is negative.
18
19. Macular, papular, or nodular lesions form on the
face, ears, wrists, elbows, and knees.
With progression, the nodular lesions coalesce to
yield a distinctive leonine facies.
Skin smear shows high bacterial count.
19
Lepromatous Leprosy: Leonine Face
20.
21.
22. M/E: Characterized by diffuse infiltration of foamy
macrophages in the dermis.
Lymphocytes are scanty and giant cells typically absent.
22
Lepromatous leprosy. Acid-fast bacilli
(“red snappers”) within macrophages
Lepromatous leprosy- the
dermis shows clear space.
23. 23
Leprosy. A,
Peripheral nerve.
Note the
inflammatory cell
infiltrates in the
endoneural and
epineural
compartments.
B, Cells within the
endoneurium contain
acid-fast positive
lepra bacilli
24. Four or more lesions,
asymmentrically distributed.
Macules or plaques of variable
sizes with well or ill-defined
margins & satellite lesions.
Peripheral nerves enlarged
asymmentrically.
Senstaion : hypoesthesia.
Lepromin test may be weakly
positive.
25. Tends to be unstable.
With time, an evolution
to BT or BL may be
seen.
The lesions are many
and may be extensive,
annular with some
tendency towards
symmetrical
distribution.
25
26. Numerous moderately well
defined, usually large & small
plaques, dome shaped lesions /
nodules.
Sometimes with a slightly
hypopigmented halo & a
tendency towards symmetrical
distribution.
Skin smears strongly positive.
26
27. Procedure to Lepromin Skin Test
A tiny sample of leprosy antigen is injected
under the skin, usually in the forearm.
The skin gets pushed up, forming a small bump.
This is an indication that the antigen has been
injected to the correct depth.
The site of the injection is marked, and is
examined for reaction,
• first after 3 days(early reaction-Fernandez
reaction:-redness and induration) and
• then again after 21 days(late reaction-
Mitsuda reaction:-nodule>5mm).
29. Type I
•Change in host CMI
•Seen in borderlines
•Skin and nerve lesions
Type II
•Antigen antibody
•Seen in LL & BL leprosy
•Skin, nerve & systemic
involvement
30. Seen in BT, BB & BL.
Sudden onset.
Eythematous &
oedematous changes in
old lesions.
Appearing of new lesions.
Tenderness & swelling of
peripheral nerves.
31. Type II Lepra Reaction- Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
(ENL)
Appearance of Erythema nodosum
leprosum (ENL)-like skin lesions-
Erythematous
Tender
Subcutaneous
Resolve in 7 to 10 days
Appear in crops
Occur any where
Associated with fever & joint pains
May be vesicular, pustular & may ulcerate
32. Skin Scrapings
Samples from the skin are obtained from
the edge of the lesion, which is smeared on
the slide and stained with Fite- Faraco
technique to demonstrate the bacilli.
Biopsy
Useful in classification & definitive diagnosis
32
33. Contractures, paralyses, and
autoamputation of fingers or toes may
ensue.
Facial nerve involvement can lead to
paralysis of the eyelids, with keratitis and
corneal ulcerations.
33
34.
35. Sexually acquired infection
Etiologic agent: Treponema pallidum
Disease progresses in stages
May become chronic without treatment
35
36. Etiologic agent:
Treponema pallidum
◦ Corkscrew-shaped, motile
microaerophilic bacterium
◦ Cannot be cultured in vitro
◦ Cannot be viewed by normal
light microscopy
36
Treponema pallidum on darkfield microscopy
Electron photomicrograph, 36,000 x.
37. 37
Penetration:
◦ T. pallidum enters the body via skin and mucous
membranes through abrasions during sexual
contact
◦ Also transmitted transplacentally
Dissemination:
◦ Travels via the lymphatic system to regional
lymph nodes and then throughout the body via
the blood stream
◦ Invasion of the CNS can occur during any stage of
syphilis
Pathogenesis
38.
39. Primary lesion or "chancre" develops at the
site of inoculation
Chancre:
◦ Typically painless, relatively avascular,
circumscribed, indurated, superficially
ulcerated lesion and has a clean base
◦ Progresses from macule to papule to
ulcer
◦ Highly infectious
◦ Heals spontaneously within 1 to 6 weeks
◦ 25% present with multiple lesions
Regional lymphadenopathy: classically
rubbery, painless, bilateral
Serologic tests for syphilis may not be
positive during early primary syphilis.
39
Clinical Manifestations
40. On histologic examination,
Treponemes are visible at the
surface of the ulcer with silver
stains (e.g., Warthin-Starry
stain) or immunofluorescence
techniques.
Chancre contains an intense
infiltrate of plasma cells, with
scattered macrophages and
lymphocytes and a proliferative
endarteritis.
40
41. Secondary lesions occur 3 to 6 weeks after the primary
chancre appears; may persist for weeks to months.
Primary and secondary stages may overlap.
Mucocutaneous lesions - most common.
Manifestations:
◦ Rash (75%-100%)
◦ Lymphadenopathy (50%-86%)
◦ Malaise
◦ Mucous patches (6%-30%)
◦ Condylomata lata (10%-20%)
◦ Alopecia (5%)
Serologic tests are usually highest in titre during this stage
41
Clinical Manifestations
42. Mucosal lesions (highly infectious):
30% develop mucous patch (slightly
raised, oval area covered by a gray
white membrane, a pink base that
does not bleed.
Skin rash: Diffuse, papulosquamous
lesions, may leave residual
pigmentation or depigmentation.
Red lesions in the mouth or vagina
contain the most organisms and are
the most infectious.
42
Clinical Manifestations
43. Most frequently involves the aorta; the CNS; and the
liver, bones, and testes.
The aortitis is caused by endarteritis of the vasa
vasorum of the proximal aorta.
Occlusion of the vasa vasorum results in scarring of the
media of the proximal aortic wall, causing a loss of
elasticity, followed by aneurysm, giving a tree bark
appearance.
There may be narrowing of the coronary artery ostia
caused by subintimal scarring with resulting myocardial
ischemia.
43
Clinical Manifestations
47. Syphilitic gummas are
white-gray and rubbery,
occur singly or multiply,
and vary in size from
microscopic lesions
resembling tubercles to
large tumor-like masses.
They occur in most
organs but particularly in
skin, subcutaneous
tissue, bone, and joints.
47
Clinical Manifestations
48. On histologic examination,
Gummas have centers of
coagulated, necrotic
material and margins
composed of plump,
palisading macrophages
and fibroblasts surrounded
by large numbers of
mononuclear leukocytes,
chiefly plasma cells.
Treponemes are scant in
gummas and are difficult to
demonstrate.
48
Trichrome stain of liver shows a
gumma (scar), stained blue,
caused by tertiary syphilis (the
hepatic lesion is also known as
hepar lobatum
49. Occurs when T. pallidum invades the CNS.
May occur at any stage of syphilis
Can be asymptomatic
Early neurosyphilis occurs a few months to a
few years after infection
◦ Clinical manifestations include acute
syphilitic meningitis, meningovascular
syphilis, ocular involvement
Late neurosyphilis occurs decades after
infection and is rarely seen
◦ Clinical manifestations include general
paresis, tabes dorsalis, ocular involvement
49
50. Occurs when T. pallidum is
transmitted from a pregnant
woman with syphilis to her fetus
May lead to stillbirth, neonatal
death, and infant disorders such as
deafness, neurologic impairment,
and bone deformities
Transmission to the fetus in
pregnancy can occur during any
stage of syphilis; risk is much
higher during primary and
secondary syphilis
Wide spectrum of severity exists;
only severe cases are clinically
apparent at birth
◦ Early lesions (most common):
Infants <2 years old; usually
inflammatory
◦ Late lesions: Children >2 years old;
tend to be immunologic and
destructive
50
52. 52
Principles
◦ Measure antibody directed against a cardiolipin-
lecithin-cholesterol antigen
◦ Not specific for T. pallidum
◦ Titers usually correlate with disease activity and
results are reported quantitatively
◦ May be reactive for life
Non treponemal tests include
◦ VDRL,
◦ Rapid Plasma Reagin test
Diagnosis
53. 53
Principles
◦ Measure antibody directed against T. pallidum
antigens
◦ Qualitative
◦ Usually reactive for life
Treponemal tests include
◦ TP-hemaglutination assay,
◦ Flourescent treponemal Ab test,
◦ Enzyme Immuno Assay
Diagnosis