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1. Lamp:
Incandescent
GROUP 4

2. Introduction
of Lamps
CHARISE ANNE DEOCOS
Reporter

3. what is A lamp?
an artificial light source that produces
illumination through electrical, thermal, or
chemical processes
any of various devices for producing light
or sometimes heat

4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMPS
Oil Lamps (Ancient Civilizations): The earliest form of
artificial lighting, used by Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans. These lamps consisted of a wick placed in a
container filled with oil.
Candles (500 BCE): Made from animal fat or beeswax,
candles provided a more portable and longer-lasting
source of light.
Gas Lamps (18th–19th Century): Used in street
lighting, gas lamps were a significant improvement in
brightness and control.
PRE-ELECTRIC ERA

5. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMPS
Arc Lamps (1806): Invented by Sir Humphry
Davy, arc lamps produced light by
generating an electric arc between carbon
electrodes. They were primarily used in
street lighting and industrial settings.
Incandescent Lamps (1879): Thomas Edison
and Joseph Swan developed practical
incandescent lamps with carbon filaments,
later improved with tungsten filaments.
These lamps dominated lighting for over a
century.
ELECTRIC LAMPS

6. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMPS
Fluorescent Lamps (1930s): More energy-efficient than
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps used mercury
vapor and phosphor coatings to produce visible light.
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps (20th Century):
Used in industrial and outdoor applications, HID lamps
include metal halide, mercury vapor, and sodium
lamps.
ELECTRIC LAMPS

7. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMPS
LED Lamps (21st Century): Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs) revolutionized lighting with high efficiency, long
lifespan, and low energy consumption.
Smart Lighting Systems: Integration of sensors and
wireless controls allows for automation, color tuning,
and energy optimization in lighting systems.
MODERN LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

8. Categories of
Lamps
HYACINTH KAYE CANLAS
Reporter

9. Categories of Lamps
INCANDESCENT
TUNGSTEN HALOGEN
FLUORESCENT
MERCURY
METAL HALIDE
SODIUM

10. INCANDESCENT
One of the oldest forms of artificial lighting. They produce light by passing electricity
through a tungsten filament, causing it to heat up and emit light.
Residential lighting.
Decorative lighting.
Small-scale commercial applications
Provides warm and natural light
Inexpensive to produce
Simple construction and easy to use
Highly inefficient
Short lifespan
High energy consumption compared to
newer lighting technologies

11. TUNGSTEN HALOGEN
A type of incandescent lamp that uses a halogen gas (such as iodine or bromine) inside
the bulb. This allows the tungsten filament to burn at higher temperatures.
Automotive headlights
Spotlighting and task lighting
Studio lighting and floodlights
Higher efficiency and longer lifespan than
traditional incandescent lamps
Provides brighter and whiter light.
Compact design with excellent color
rendering.
Still relatively inefficient
Expensive to operate due to high energy
consumption.
Emits significant heat.

12. FLUORESCENT
Use an electric current to excite mercury vapor, which then emits (UV) light. This UV light
interacts with a phosphor coating on the inner surface of the lamp, producing visible light.
More energy-efficient than
incandescent lamps
Longer lifespan
Available in a variety of color
temperatures and designs
Contain mercury, which requires
careful disposal
May take time to reach full brightness
Can flicker or produce a buzzing sound
in some cases
Office lighting
Commercial lighting in industrial environments
Residential kitchens, garages, and basements

13. MERCURY
Mercury vapor lamps work by passing electricity through vaporized mercury, emitting light.
They produce a bluish-white light and are often used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
Street lighting.
Outdoor and industrial lighting.
Area and security lighting.
High luminous efficacy.
Provide a long-lasting light source
Energy-efficient
Color rendering is poor, producing a cold
light that can be harsh
Contain mercury, which poses
environmental and health risks
Takes time to warm up to full brightness

14. METAL HALIDE
A type of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that uses a combination of mercury vapor and
metal halides to produce light.
These lamps are known for their high brightness and excellent color rendering.
Stadiums and arenas
Warehouse and factory lighting
Streetlights and high-mast lighting
High luminous efficacy and brightness
Good color rendering
Long lifespan
Suitable for large spaces
Expensive to purchase and maintain
Takes time to reach full brightness
Requires special ballasts to operate

15. SODIUM
High-intensity discharge lamps that use sodium vapor to produce light.
There are two types: Low-pressure sodium (LPS) & high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps.
LPS lamps produce monochromatic yellow light, while HPS lamps offer a warmer light with
better color rendering.
Street lighting
Outdoor security and perimeter lighting
Industrial and commercial area lighting
Very energy-efficient,
Long lifespan
Low operating costs
Ideal for outdoor and street lighting
Poor color rendering
Not suitable for environments where color
differentiation is important
Can produce a harsh light

16. Major
Characteristics
to Consider
MARIA ELLAH M. LUBAT
Reporter

17. Major Characteristics to Consider
Luminous efficacy
Life
Lumen Deprecation
Color

18. LUMINOUS
EFFICACY

19. LUMINOUS EFFICACY
• measures how efficiently a light source converts
electrical power into visible light.
• expressed in lumens per watt (lm/W) and is calculated
using the formula:
• includes auxiliary equipment like ballasts in the
calculation.

20. LUMINOUS EFFICACY
Example:
• A metal halide HID lamp produces 20,000 lumens.
The lamp consumes 250W, and the ballast adds 50W.
Find its lumen efficacy.

21. LUMINOUS EFFICACY

22. LUMINOUS EFFICACY

23. LUMINOUS EFFICACY

24. LAMP LIFE

25. LAMP LIFE
• refers to the average operating time a lamp
is expected to function before it fails.
• measured in hours (hr) and varies
depending on the type of light source
• determined by testing a group of lamps and
recording the time at which 50% of them fail
(known as median lamp life)

26. LAMP LIFE

27. FACTORS AFFECTING
LAMP LIFE

28. FACTORS AFFECTING
LAMP LIFE
1) Power quality – Voltage fluctuations can shorten life.
2) Frequent switching – Some lamps, like fluorescents,
degrade faster with frequent on/off cycles.
3) Operating temperature – High heat can reduce lifespan.
4) Ballast or driver quality – Poor-quality ballasts or
drivers in fluorescent or LED lamps can shorten life.

29. LUMEN
DEPRECIATION

30. LUMEN DEPRECIATION
• gradual reduction in a lamp’s brightness over time
• measured as a decrease in lumens and calculated as:
Where:
• Luminous Flux at Time t = light output after a given time
• Initial Luminous Flux = original brightness when new

31. LUMEN DEPRECIATION
Example
• A fluorescent tube starts at 3,000 lumens.
After 10,000 hours, its brightness drops to 2,400 lumens.
Find its lumen depreciation.

32. LUMEN DEPRECIATION

33. FACTORS AFFECTING
LUMEN
DEPRECIATION

34. LUMEN DEPRECIATION
• Heat – Too much heat makes lights dim faster.
• Power Issues – Voltage changes and poor-quality drivers can reduce
brightness over time.
• Long Usage – The more hours a light is on, the dimmer it gets.
• Frequent Switching – Turning lights on and off too often wears them
out faster.
• Environment – Dust, moisture, and UV rays can damage the light.
• Material Quality – Cheap lights fade quickly, while high-quality ones
last longer.

35. COLOR

36. LAMP COLOR
• refers to the color appearance
of the light emitted by a lamp,
measured in Kelvin
• affects how objects appear under the light and is
classified into three main categories

37. THREE MAIN
CATEGORIES OF
LAMP COLOR

38. LAMP COLOR CATEGORIES
Warm White (Soft Yellow Light) – 2700K to 3500K
Examples: Incandescent bulbs, tungsten
halogen lamps
🔸Appearance: Cozy, yellowish, similar to
candlelight
🔸Best for: Homes, restaurants,
bedrooms, living rooms

39. LAMP COLOR CATEGORIES
Cool White (Neutral Light) – 3500K to 5000K
Examples: Fluorescent tubes, some LED
lights
🔹Appearance: White, balanced between
warm and daylight
🔹Best for: Offices, hospitals, retail
stores

40. LAMP COLOR CATEGORIES
Daylight (Bluish-White Light) – 5000K to 6500K+
Examples: LED streetlights, mercury
vapor, and metal halide
🔵Appearance: Bright, bluish-white,
similar to natural daylight
🔵Best for: Outdoor lighting, industrial
areas, study rooms, garages

41. LAMP COLOR CATEGORIES

42. LAMP COLOR CATEGORIES

43. COLOR
RENDERING

44. COLOR RENDERING INDEX
• measurement (0-100) of how accurately a light source displays
object colors compared to natural sunlight.
• higher CRI means better color accuracy.

45. COLOR RENDERING INDEX

46. COLOR RENDERING INDEX

47. Incandescent Lamp
Development
ARJELYN ENERO
Reporter

48. 1877 – Edison’s group (Menlo Park, N.J., laboratory
Other developers:
Joseph Swan
St. George Lane-Fox (England)
Moses Farmer
Hiram Maxim
William Sawyer
Albon Man
Incandescent Lamp Development

49. Incandescent Lamp Development
Why did Edison won the race in in developing a
commercially practical lamp?
1.He realized the need for an electrical system, not just
lamp.
2.The use of thin thread-like filament of high resistance
which could be heated to incandescence.

50. Edison’s Bulb Quagmire
Rejected carbon and began working with platinum (very
expensive, temperature at which it became incandescent is
very close to its melting temperature)
Carbonized sewing thread
Early lamp developers are unable to produce high vacuum
inside the bulb (with some gases remaining, their filaments
are expired in a matter of minutes)
Edison used Sprengel’s vacuum pump (evacuate the lamp
when the filament was cold, continue the evacuating process
as the filament was raised to its operating temperature)

51. Edison’s Bulb Quagmire
Edison’s first practical carbonized sewing thread lamp was lit
on October 19, 1879. It has an efficacy of 1.4 lm/W and burned
for 40 h.
Carbon filaments operate much below its melting temperature
because of rapid evaporation and resulting short life.
Tungsten was chosen because it can be operated at a higher
temperature for the same life.
Early tungsten filaments provided 7.8 lm/W with a life of 800 h

52. Ductile Tungsten
Early filaments were fragile
and costly
Dr. William Coolidge (GE)
developed a process for
converting crystalline
tungsten into fibrous
tungsten. (very ductile, with a
tensile strength five times
that of steel)

53. Gas Filling
Even the new tungsten filaments evaporated more rapidly
than was desired.
Black tungsten deposit appeared on the inside, which reduced
the light output.
Dr. Irving Langmuir (GE Chemist),
the presence of even minute amount of water vapor (10 ppm)
inside the lamp greatly increased the amount of tungsten carried
from the filament to the bulb wall.

54. Gas Filling

55. Gas Filling
Dr. Irving Langmuir (GE Chemist),
Found out that adding inert gases (Nitrogen) reduced evaporation
significantly, but it formed a blanket around the filament that took
away heat from the filament.
Increase in heat loss is proportionately less for larger
filaments.
Led to coiling of the filaments which improved the efficacy for
the same life.

56. Gas Filling
Gas flow around hot filaments

57. Parts of
Incandescent Lamp
MICHELLE D. DESCUATAN
Reporter

58. GLASS BULB
1. 1
2
The bulb is made of glass and serves as the outer
enclosure for the filament. It helps contain the filament
and protects it from physical damage.
2. INERT GAS
The inert gas inside the bulb, like argon or nitrogen,
prevents the tungsten filament from reacting with
oxygen, helping to avoid premature burnout.
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP

59. 3.TUNGSTEN
FILAMENT
1
2
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
3
The filament is typically made from tungsten, a metal that
can withstand high temperatures without melting.
When an electric current passes through the filament, it
heats up and emits light.
The filament may be a straight wire, a coil or a coiled-coil.

60. 4.CONTACT WIRES
(GOES TO FOOT)
1
2
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
3
4 5
5.CONTACT WIRE
(GOES TO BASE)
Delivers current to the filament,
enabling it to light up.
Connects the filament to the base, completing
the electrical circuit and allowing the lamp to
function when plugged into a socket.

61. 6. SUPPORT WIRES 1
2
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
3
4 5
7.GLASS MOUNT/SUPPORT
Support wires are small wires which are
connected to the stem to give support to
the filament of the lamp.
Incandescent light bulbs include a glass mount that is
connected to the base of the lamp which permits the
electrical contacts to run throughout the envelope
without air or gas leaks.
6 7

62. 8. BASE CONTACT WIRE 1
2
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
3
4 5
9. SCREW THREADS
The base contact wire connects the filament to
the lamp base, enabling electricity from the
socket to power the filament and produce light.
The screw thread (also called the Edison screw base)
secures the bulb in the socket while also serving as an
electrical contact to complete the circuit and power the
lamp.
6 7
8
9

63. 10. INSULATION 1
2
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
3
4 5
11. ELECTRICAL FOOT
CONTACT
The insulation separates the screw thread from the
base contact, preventing short circuits and ensuring
safe, reliable electrical flow.
These are the metal prongs at the bottom of the lamp base
that make contact with the electrical socket. These contacts
enable the flow of electricity to the filament when the lamp
is in use.
6 7
8
9
10
11

64. INCANDESCENT LAMP
WORKING
PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
An incandescent lamp mainly works on the
incandescence principle which means the light can
be generated through heat. In this type of lamp, the
current is supplied throughout a thin metal filament.
Once the filament is heated then it glows to
generate light.

65. PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

66. PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
ADVANTAGES
The advantages of Incandescent lamps include the following.
1 These lamps are not costly.
2 It generates warmer colors.
3 Light output is high.
4 Manufacturing cost is less.
5 Easily dimmed with rheostats.
6 It turns on immediately.
7 In the winter seasons, these lights
are very helpful in increasing the
room temperature.

67. PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantages of Incandescent lamps include the following.
1 It is not energy efficient
2 The lamp lifetime is low as
compared to other bulbs.
3 It is a warm light source, so
needs to cool the room if
required
5
It is very delicate, so we need
to handle it very carefully.
6
Not suitable for large areas.
7 It generates less lumen for
each watt about 5-20 lumens
for every watt.

68. PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
APPLICATIONS

69. PARTS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
APPLICATIONS
Incandescent lamps are used in various settings due to their warm light
output and simple operation. Common applications include:
Residential Lighting – Used in homes for general
illumination, table lamps, and ceiling fixtures.
Decorative Lighting – Found in chandeliers, string
lights, and vintage-style bulbs for ambiance.
Automotive Lighting – Used in headlights, taillights,
and interior car lighting
Industrial and Commercial Use – Applied in ovens,
refrigerators, and signaling lights due to their ability to
withstand high temperatures.
Specialty Applications – Used in projectors, heat
lamps, and scientific instruments requiring controlled
light and heat output.

70. REFERENCES
Friday, 23 August 2024
Incandescent Lamp : Construction, Working, Types & Its Applications. (2022, January 10).
ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students.
https://www.elprocus.com/incandescent-lamp/