This document presents information about illumination and artificial lighting. It explains that illumination occurs when a material is heated above a certain temperature and begins radiating energy in the form of light. Various types of artificial lights are discussed, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and mercury vapor lamps. Their working principles, startup times, light colors, costs, and common applications are compared. Lighting schemes like direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general diffusing are also explained. The document also covers the laws of illumination, what floodlighting is, and provides references used.

1. Individual project
Course code : EEE 5212
Name : Yik Wei Kian
ID : I11008341

2. Presentation will covered the topic of:
 Explain what is illumination.
 Explain the principle of producing artificial light.
 Law of illumination.
 lighting schemes
 Explain what is floodlighting .
 Working principle of types of lamps(watch videos).
 Comparison of different light source

3. What is illumination?
 Illumination is the phenomenon
when the material was heated up
above a certain temperature, the
material will start radiating the
energy in the form of light.

4. The principle of producing
artificial light
 Increase the temperature of body or gas above average
room temperature (23 Celsius).
 begins to radiate energy in the surrounding medium
in the form of electromagnetic waves of various
wavelengths

5. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to
700 nm
electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths

6. The radiant energy depends on the
temperature of the hot body.
 when the temperature is low,
the radiated energy is in the
form of heat waves only (feel
hot only)
 After certain temperature is
reached, the radiated energy
is in the form of heat waves
and light wave (feel hot and
bright)
 As the temperature is
increased, the wavelength of
visible radiation goes on
becoming shorter.

7.  The light wave travel with the velocity approximately
to 3x10 ^8m/sec.
 Red radiation wavelength = 390 nm
 Violet radiation wavelength = 700 nm
 For expressing wavelength of light, another unit called
Angstrom Unit
1 A.U. = 10-8 cm= 10-10 cm
 Hence red = 3900 x 10-10 cm
 Violet = 700 x 10-10 cm

8. There are two laws of Illuminations :
a. Law of intensity
b. Law of Inverse Squares
c. Lambert’s Cosine Law

9. Law of illumination
a. Illumination
(E) is directly
proportional to
intensity (I)
b. Law of Inverse
Squares-
Illumination(E
) inversely
proportional to
square of
distance (D2)

10. Law of
illumination
c. Lambert’s Cosine
Law :
illumination(E)
measured will vary
with respect to the
cosine of the angle
between the
optical axis of the
source and the
normal to the
detector.

11. lighting schemes
 Direct lightning
 Indirect lighting
 Semi- direct lighting
 Semi – indirect lighting
 General diffusing system

12. 1) Direct lightning
•Mean the light from the source fall
directly to the object or surface that
illuminated.
•With the help of shade , globe and
reflector
•Emit the light downward or upward but
not to side
•Mostly use for suspended illumination
such as table or floor lamp
•The illumination will
decrease due to dirty of
bulb or reflector.
• efficient but glare of lamp
cause harsh shadow.

13. 2) Indirect lighting
•Lighting provided by reflection
usually from wall or ceiling surfaces.
•The lamp either placed behind or in
suspension non transparent bowl
•The light thrown upward of ceiling
and which the light is distributed all
over the room by reflection diffusion
•Indirect lighting provide
shadow less illumination
suitable used in drawing
office and workshop

14. 3) Semi- direct lighting
•The system send most of light directly
downward to working plane and
considerable amount reach upward
ceiling wall.
•The division about 30 % upward and 45
% downward.
•The system suitable for the
room with high ceiling room.
•The shadows produced by
semi direct lighting are
diffused and do not cause
discomfort for glare of light.

15. 4)Semi – indirect lighting
•The system send most of
light directly upward to
ceiling wall for diffuse
reflection and the rest
reach downward directly to
working plane.

16. 5) General diffusing system
•When the light is completely
enclosed or concealed with the
help of globe and ceiling panel.
•The light is diffused since pass
through the glass or plastic.
•The light distribution are
equally

17. what is floodlighting ?
•Floodlighting is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial
lights of powerful projector used to illuminate large surface
area.
•Used in football court, concert, stadium and other places
where the large surface area need to illuminated.
•The purpose is to enhance the beauty of building, advertising
purpose, industrial and commercial purpose

18. •Incandescence lamp (3 minutes)
Discharge lamp :
•Fluorescent lamps (1.22 minutes)
•Sodium Vapour lamp (2 minutes)
•mercury vapour lamp(3 minutes)

19. Comparison of different light
source
1. Incandescent lamp :
- take short time to start, light up
instantaneously and off momentarily if cut off
supply.
- light color is near to naturally.
- low installation cost but high operating cost.
- Able to used in DC or AC supply
- switching frequency does not effect the life
span of lamp.

20. 2. Discharge lamp (Fluorescent lamps)
 Need a little time to start (take I sec or more).
 When supply is restored lamp go off and
restart(blinking).
 The color of fluorescent is produced by various
phosphor coatings.
 Initial installation cost is high but operating cost is
low.
 Frequency switching will effect lifespan of lamp.

21. 3. Sodium Vapour lamp
 Take long time to start about 5 to 6 minutes.
 The lamp turn off and cannot restart until recovery the
supply voltage fall to its normal value.
 The color of light is yellowish and produce color
distortion.
 Initial installation cost is high, operating cost lesser
than filament lamp but higher than fluorescent lamp.
 Usually use at open space such as high way, road side.

22. 4. mercury vapour lamp
 Take long time to start about 5 -6 minutes.
 The lamp turn off and cannot restart until recovery
the supply voltage fall to its normal value.
 Initial installation cost is high , but operating cost
lesser than fluorescent lamp.
 Stroboscopic effect(flashes of light) occur in the light .
 Usually use at open space such as high way, car park.

23. References:
1. Laws Of Illumination Help for Electrical Energy – Trans tutors . 2015. Laws
Of Illumination Help for Electrical Energy – Trans tutors . [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-
engineering/electrical-energy-utilization/laws-of-illumination.aspx.
[Accessed 26 October 2015].
2. Types Of Lighting Schemes Help for Electrical Energy - Transtutors . 2015.
Types Of Lighting Schemes Help for Electrical Energy - Transtutors .
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.transtutors.com/homework-
help/electrical-engineering/electrical-energy-utilization/types-of-
lighting-schemes.aspx. [Accessed 26 October 2015].
3. Floodlights | Lighting | Screwfix.com. 2015. Floodlights | Lighting |
Screwfix.com. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.screwfix.com/c/electrical-
lighting/floodlights/cat840908. [Accessed 26 October 2015].

24. 4. Incandescent Lamps . 2015. Incandescent Lamps . [ONLINE] Available
at:
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/RUSK/I
ncLamps.html. [Accessed 26 October 2015].
5. How Fluorescent Lamps Work - HowStuffWorks. 2015. How
Fluorescent Lamps Work - HowStuffWorks. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp.htm. [Accessed 26
October 2015].
6. High-pressure sodium vapor lamps for open and enclosed luminaires |
OSRAM. 2015. High-pressure sodium vapor lamps for open and
enclosed luminaires | OSRAM. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/high-intensity-
discharge-lamps/high-pressure-sodium-vapor-lamps-for-open-and-
enclosed-luminaires/index.jsp. [Accessed 26 October 2015].
7. The Mercury Vapor Lamp - How it works & history. 2015. The Mercury
Vapor Lamp - How it works & history. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.edisontechcenter.org/MercuryVaporLamps.html.
[Accessed 26 October 2015].

25. Thank you