This document discusses compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). It states that CFLs use 1/5 to 1/3 the energy of incandescent lamps, last 8-15 times longer, and have higher upfront costs but lower lifetime electricity costs. CFLs contain mercury, emit light through phosphors, and come in integrated or non-integrated versions. They have longer lifespans than incandescent lamps and higher energy efficiency.
The document discusses lamps and different types of lamps. It provides details on fluorescent lamps, including their components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key components of a fluorescent lamp are electrodes, gases like mercury vapor and argon, and phosphor coating. It emits light when mercury vapor is excited by electrons from the electrodes, causing the phosphor coating to fluoresce. Fluorescent lamps have higher efficiency and longer life than incandescent lamps.
The document provides information on different types of lamps, including their construction, working principles, and applications. It discusses incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, and LED lamps. For each type of lamp, the document describes the components, working, efficiency, life, and common applications. It also provides comparisons of different lamp types in terms of color, efficacy, life, and cost.
The document discusses different types of lamps used for lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, mercury vapor, and LED lamps. It provides details on their operation such as the materials used in each, efficiency in lumens per watt, typical lifetime, and whether they produce mainly incandescent or discharge light. Pros and cons are listed for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
The document discusses different types of lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, and high pressure mercury vapor lamps. Incandescent lamps produce light through a heated filament, but are inefficient with a short lifetime. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient and have a longer lifetime than incandescent, using a phosphor coating and electrodes to excite mercury vapor. Sodium lamps use sodium gas to produce light very efficiently with a long lifetime, while high pressure mercury vapor lamps contain argon and mercury gas.
Illumination basic and lightning schemeADARSH KUMAR
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
This document discusses ways to reduce energy usage from lighting in buildings through green practices. It recommends using natural daylight whenever possible through proper window and skylight design. When artificial lights are needed, the right amount and type of lighting should be used based on the task. Different lighting technologies like LEDs and fluorescents are more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Automatic controls can further reduce energy by turning lights off when not needed or adjusting output based on daylight.
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
The document discusses lamps and different types of lamps. It provides details on fluorescent lamps, including their components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key components of a fluorescent lamp are electrodes, gases like mercury vapor and argon, and phosphor coating. It emits light when mercury vapor is excited by electrons from the electrodes, causing the phosphor coating to fluoresce. Fluorescent lamps have higher efficiency and longer life than incandescent lamps.
The document provides information on different types of lamps, including their construction, working principles, and applications. It discusses incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, and LED lamps. For each type of lamp, the document describes the components, working, efficiency, life, and common applications. It also provides comparisons of different lamp types in terms of color, efficacy, life, and cost.
The document discusses different types of lamps used for lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, mercury vapor, and LED lamps. It provides details on their operation such as the materials used in each, efficiency in lumens per watt, typical lifetime, and whether they produce mainly incandescent or discharge light. Pros and cons are listed for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
The document discusses different types of lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, and high pressure mercury vapor lamps. Incandescent lamps produce light through a heated filament, but are inefficient with a short lifetime. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient and have a longer lifetime than incandescent, using a phosphor coating and electrodes to excite mercury vapor. Sodium lamps use sodium gas to produce light very efficiently with a long lifetime, while high pressure mercury vapor lamps contain argon and mercury gas.
Illumination basic and lightning schemeADARSH KUMAR
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
This document discusses ways to reduce energy usage from lighting in buildings through green practices. It recommends using natural daylight whenever possible through proper window and skylight design. When artificial lights are needed, the right amount and type of lighting should be used based on the task. Different lighting technologies like LEDs and fluorescents are more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Automatic controls can further reduce energy by turning lights off when not needed or adjusting output based on daylight.
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
LEDs work by converting electrical energy into light when a current is passed through a semiconductor chip. The chip contains a junction between a p-type and n-type material that emits photons when electrons recombine after moving across the junction. LEDs are used widely in applications like lighting, mobile devices, signs, and sensors due to benefits like energy efficiency, durability, and long lifetime. They come in various colors depending on the material used and chip design.
This document discusses earthing, which is used to protect electrical systems and users from shock by providing a path for fault currents to flow safely to the earth. It defines key terms like earthing, earth electrode, and describes conventional earthing methods like plate and rod earthing which involve burying conductive plates or rods underground to dissipate electric currents. The objectives of earthing are to ensure exposed parts do not reach a dangerous potential and protect machinery from short circuits. Proper earthing is important for buildings, industries, and other applications using electricity.
The document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers key lighting principles and terms like illumination, lumens, footcandles, lux, efficacy, and color temperature. It describes different types of artificial light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, discharge lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It also covers lighting fixtures, luminaires, and different types of lighting like general, task, accent, and decorative lighting.
This document discusses illumination and lighting schemes. It begins with an introduction to artificial lighting and important terminology like luminous flux and illumination. It then describes different lighting schemes including direct, semi-direct, semi-indirect and indirect lighting. It also discusses the design of indoor lighting schemes and different types of lamps such as incandescent, halogen, discharge and fluorescent lamps. Finally, it covers topics like industrial lighting, street lighting and references used.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
This document provides an overview of LED technology, including its history, types, and benefits. It discusses the development of LEDs from red lights in the 1960s to modern high-brightness blue and white LEDs. Key developments include the invention of high-brightness blue LEDs in the 1990s, which enabled the production of white LEDs through phosphor coating and advanced lighting applications. The document also describes the inner workings of LEDs, comparing their efficiency and lifetime to other light sources, and provides details on connecting, soldering and testing LED circuits.
This document describes an automatic street light circuit designed by students Abhishek and Ajith Kumar at Kalasalingam University. The circuit uses a light dependent resistor and transistors to sense when it is nighttime and turn on a street light. It includes a block diagram and circuit diagram. The components used are a relay, voltage regulator, fuse, light dependent resistor, resistors, transistors, battery, and lamp. When it is dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor increases, which turns on the transistor and energizes the relay to power the street light. This circuit automatically switches the light on at night and off during the day to prevent wasting electricity.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
The document discusses lighting systems and designs for a factory. It identifies problems with the current lighting system such as not meeting lux level recommendations and not using efficient luminary and lamp types. To address this, the author proposes redesigning the lighting system using the Dialux program to select more appropriate luminaries and lamps that satisfy lighting codes and provide efficient energy use. The document then provides definitions and classifications related to lighting design standards and components.
This document discusses the benefits of LED lighting compared to traditional lighting technologies. It states that the LED lighting market is forecasted to grow significantly by 2012. LED lighting uses less energy and has a much longer lifespan than other options, leading to large energy savings and reduced maintenance costs over time. LED lights also produce less waste and lower carbon emissions, helping the environment. While the upfront costs of LEDs are higher, the document shows through calculations that the savings recoup the higher costs within 3 years, making LED lighting a good investment.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
The document discusses different types of lighting used in architecture, including natural lighting from the sun and artificial lighting sources. It describes several types of architectural luminaires - soffits, valances, and coves - that are used to direct light downward or both upward and downward to provide wall washing and general lighting. Precautions for installing different luminaires and options for shielding lighting elements are also covered.
This document provides information on LED lighting technologies. It begins by explaining what an LED is and how it works as a semiconductor that emits light when electric current passes through it. It then discusses the benefits of choosing LED lights over traditional lighting sources like incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, such as energy efficiency, long lifespan, reliability, cost effectiveness, lack of noise, better safety, and lack of heat emission. The document provides comparison charts of LEDs versus other light sources and gives examples of appropriate places to use LED lighting. It also describes several types of explosion proof LED lights that can be used in hazardous locations.
This document discusses LED lighting as an energy saving technology. It begins with an introduction to LEDs as a type of light emitting diode that produces light when activated. The document then covers key benefits of LEDs like energy efficiency, longevity, and flexibility of use. Examples are given of common places LEDs are used both indoors and outdoors. The document also provides technical details on LED operation, advantages like cost savings, and disadvantages such as higher initial cost compared to other lighting. It concludes by promoting LEDs as an environmentally friendly lighting technology.
This document discusses lighting in hotels. It defines light and different types of light sources including natural light and artificial light such as incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen bulbs. The document discusses the importance of lighting for both functional and aesthetic purposes in a hotel. Different lighting classifications are covered such as direct, indirect, and diffused lighting. Recommendations are provided for lighting in specific hotel areas like lobbies, restaurants, corridors, guest rooms, and bathrooms. Factors to consider for a good lighting system are also outlined.
This document discusses energy efficient lighting options in India. It introduces schemes to promote energy efficiency and highlights the benefits of high frequency electronic ballasts, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), and solar lighting systems. CFLs and LEDs use significantly less energy than incandescent bulbs and last much longer. Solar lighting is presented as a viable option for rural areas that requires no electricity. Overall, the use of efficient lighting can reduce India's energy consumption and peak demand by 30-35%.
The full basics of Electrical Components can be seen in the link http://bit.ly/2PIOIQM
A switch in an electronic device is used to interrupt the flow of electricity or electric current. Electrical switches are binary devices, they can be either completely off or completely on. In simple English, a switch is an electronic device that is used to break or make the electronic circuit.
Solar powered led street light with intensityKunal Mahajan
This presentation is based on my major project "Solar powered LED street light with intensity control and object detection using microcontroller. "
This gives info about components, basic working principle,etc
The document discusses compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), including their usage, disposal, characteristics, and environmental impacts compared to incandescent bulbs. CFLs use less energy, last longer, and save money over time compared to incandescent bulbs. However, CFLs contain small amounts of toxic mercury that require special disposal procedures to avoid environmental pollution. Many areas now mandate recycling of CFLs due to mercury concerns.
This document summarizes the benefits of switching from incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFL bulbs use 50-80% less energy and last much longer than incandescent bulbs, saving money on electricity costs over time. While CFL bulbs contain mercury which requires proper disposal, switching to CFL can significantly reduce a household's carbon footprint and energy usage. Large-scale adoption of CFL could save billions and reduce the need for new power plants.
LEDs work by converting electrical energy into light when a current is passed through a semiconductor chip. The chip contains a junction between a p-type and n-type material that emits photons when electrons recombine after moving across the junction. LEDs are used widely in applications like lighting, mobile devices, signs, and sensors due to benefits like energy efficiency, durability, and long lifetime. They come in various colors depending on the material used and chip design.
This document discusses earthing, which is used to protect electrical systems and users from shock by providing a path for fault currents to flow safely to the earth. It defines key terms like earthing, earth electrode, and describes conventional earthing methods like plate and rod earthing which involve burying conductive plates or rods underground to dissipate electric currents. The objectives of earthing are to ensure exposed parts do not reach a dangerous potential and protect machinery from short circuits. Proper earthing is important for buildings, industries, and other applications using electricity.
The document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers key lighting principles and terms like illumination, lumens, footcandles, lux, efficacy, and color temperature. It describes different types of artificial light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, discharge lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It also covers lighting fixtures, luminaires, and different types of lighting like general, task, accent, and decorative lighting.
This document discusses illumination and lighting schemes. It begins with an introduction to artificial lighting and important terminology like luminous flux and illumination. It then describes different lighting schemes including direct, semi-direct, semi-indirect and indirect lighting. It also discusses the design of indoor lighting schemes and different types of lamps such as incandescent, halogen, discharge and fluorescent lamps. Finally, it covers topics like industrial lighting, street lighting and references used.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
This document provides an overview of LED technology, including its history, types, and benefits. It discusses the development of LEDs from red lights in the 1960s to modern high-brightness blue and white LEDs. Key developments include the invention of high-brightness blue LEDs in the 1990s, which enabled the production of white LEDs through phosphor coating and advanced lighting applications. The document also describes the inner workings of LEDs, comparing their efficiency and lifetime to other light sources, and provides details on connecting, soldering and testing LED circuits.
This document describes an automatic street light circuit designed by students Abhishek and Ajith Kumar at Kalasalingam University. The circuit uses a light dependent resistor and transistors to sense when it is nighttime and turn on a street light. It includes a block diagram and circuit diagram. The components used are a relay, voltage regulator, fuse, light dependent resistor, resistors, transistors, battery, and lamp. When it is dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor increases, which turns on the transistor and energizes the relay to power the street light. This circuit automatically switches the light on at night and off during the day to prevent wasting electricity.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
The document discusses lighting systems and designs for a factory. It identifies problems with the current lighting system such as not meeting lux level recommendations and not using efficient luminary and lamp types. To address this, the author proposes redesigning the lighting system using the Dialux program to select more appropriate luminaries and lamps that satisfy lighting codes and provide efficient energy use. The document then provides definitions and classifications related to lighting design standards and components.
This document discusses the benefits of LED lighting compared to traditional lighting technologies. It states that the LED lighting market is forecasted to grow significantly by 2012. LED lighting uses less energy and has a much longer lifespan than other options, leading to large energy savings and reduced maintenance costs over time. LED lights also produce less waste and lower carbon emissions, helping the environment. While the upfront costs of LEDs are higher, the document shows through calculations that the savings recoup the higher costs within 3 years, making LED lighting a good investment.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
The document discusses different types of lighting used in architecture, including natural lighting from the sun and artificial lighting sources. It describes several types of architectural luminaires - soffits, valances, and coves - that are used to direct light downward or both upward and downward to provide wall washing and general lighting. Precautions for installing different luminaires and options for shielding lighting elements are also covered.
This document provides information on LED lighting technologies. It begins by explaining what an LED is and how it works as a semiconductor that emits light when electric current passes through it. It then discusses the benefits of choosing LED lights over traditional lighting sources like incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, such as energy efficiency, long lifespan, reliability, cost effectiveness, lack of noise, better safety, and lack of heat emission. The document provides comparison charts of LEDs versus other light sources and gives examples of appropriate places to use LED lighting. It also describes several types of explosion proof LED lights that can be used in hazardous locations.
This document discusses LED lighting as an energy saving technology. It begins with an introduction to LEDs as a type of light emitting diode that produces light when activated. The document then covers key benefits of LEDs like energy efficiency, longevity, and flexibility of use. Examples are given of common places LEDs are used both indoors and outdoors. The document also provides technical details on LED operation, advantages like cost savings, and disadvantages such as higher initial cost compared to other lighting. It concludes by promoting LEDs as an environmentally friendly lighting technology.
This document discusses lighting in hotels. It defines light and different types of light sources including natural light and artificial light such as incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen bulbs. The document discusses the importance of lighting for both functional and aesthetic purposes in a hotel. Different lighting classifications are covered such as direct, indirect, and diffused lighting. Recommendations are provided for lighting in specific hotel areas like lobbies, restaurants, corridors, guest rooms, and bathrooms. Factors to consider for a good lighting system are also outlined.
This document discusses energy efficient lighting options in India. It introduces schemes to promote energy efficiency and highlights the benefits of high frequency electronic ballasts, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), and solar lighting systems. CFLs and LEDs use significantly less energy than incandescent bulbs and last much longer. Solar lighting is presented as a viable option for rural areas that requires no electricity. Overall, the use of efficient lighting can reduce India's energy consumption and peak demand by 30-35%.
The full basics of Electrical Components can be seen in the link http://bit.ly/2PIOIQM
A switch in an electronic device is used to interrupt the flow of electricity or electric current. Electrical switches are binary devices, they can be either completely off or completely on. In simple English, a switch is an electronic device that is used to break or make the electronic circuit.
Solar powered led street light with intensityKunal Mahajan
This presentation is based on my major project "Solar powered LED street light with intensity control and object detection using microcontroller. "
This gives info about components, basic working principle,etc
The document discusses compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), including their usage, disposal, characteristics, and environmental impacts compared to incandescent bulbs. CFLs use less energy, last longer, and save money over time compared to incandescent bulbs. However, CFLs contain small amounts of toxic mercury that require special disposal procedures to avoid environmental pollution. Many areas now mandate recycling of CFLs due to mercury concerns.
This document summarizes the benefits of switching from incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFL bulbs use 50-80% less energy and last much longer than incandescent bulbs, saving money on electricity costs over time. While CFL bulbs contain mercury which requires proper disposal, switching to CFL can significantly reduce a household's carbon footprint and energy usage. Large-scale adoption of CFL could save billions and reduce the need for new power plants.
OverviewLighting and AppliancesMaking the lighting and applian.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Lighting and Appliances
Making the lighting and appliances in a home more energy efficient is an important part of the weatherization process. Exchanging inefficient light bulbs for newer, energy efficient versions is easy and, in most cases, inexpensive.
Exchanging appliances for newer, more energy efficient ones is usually worth the effort, although some appliances, such as ovens and stovetops, do not use enough energy to warrant being replaced.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
7A
evaluate the best types of artificial lighting.
7B
create different applications that bring natural light in a space.
7C
discuss which types of appliances are the most energy efficient.
Module 6 Reading Assignment
Krigger, J., & Dorsi, C. (2012). Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings (6th ed.). Helena: Saturn Resource Management, Inc. Chapter 7.
Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required):
Division of energy resources (2010). Appliances, lighting, electronics an energy guide to help select and operate efficient devices for your home. Minneapolis, MN, (pp. 1-32).
Institute for electric efficiency. (2009, December). Assessment of electricity savings in the U.S. achievable through new appliance/equipment efficiency standards and building efficiency codes (2010-2020). Washington, D.C.: The Edison Foundation, (pp. 1-42).
Lecture Notes
Lighting and Appliances
Anything that draws electrical power is referred to as a load. Part of weatherizing a home includes minimizing the loads in the home in order to lower energy bills and maximize energy efficiency.
Artificial Lighting
Artificial lighting is provided by electricity, fixtures, and bulbs. Artificial lighting is a big contributor to high energy costs. It can contribute as much as 50 percent of the total energy costs of a home.
Lynn Clement of Focus on Energy once said, “If every American household replaces light bulbs in their five most frequently used fixtures with ENERGY STAR compact fluorescent bulbs, we could save more than $8 billion in annual energy costs and prevent greenhouse gases equal to the emissions of more than 10 million cars.”
Since lighting accounts for 20 to 25 percent of U.S. energy consumption, the move to more energy efficient lighting is very important.
Types of Lighting
There are three primary uses, or functions, for lighting in homes: task, ambient, and accent. Task lighting provides light to perform work. Ambient lighting may include light that is used for work but also includes lighting for safety and security. Any lighting used for contrast or ambiance is accent lighting. There are many different types of artificial lights available for residential uses.
Types of Artificial Lighting
Incandescent
Fluorescent
Compact fluorescent
High-intensity discharge
Halogen
Light Emitting diodes
Full Spectrum
Recessed Lights
Incandescent Bulbs
Incandescent bulbs, which are also referred to as A-type bulbs,.
This document compares the energy efficiency of different types of light bulbs: halogen incandescents, CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps), and LEDs (light emitting diodes). It states that halogen incandescents are more efficient than traditional incandescents but still waste most of their energy as heat. CFLs use one-fourth the energy of incandescents and last 10 times longer. LEDs are the most efficient, using only 20-25% of the energy of incandescents and lasting up to 25 times longer, making them the clear winner despite their higher upfront cost.
This document discusses different types of electrical lighting, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury lamps, sodium vapor lamps, halogen lamps, and compact fluorescent lamps. It provides details on each type of lamp, describing how they produce light and their relative efficiencies. Incandescent lamps produce light through a heated filament, while fluorescent lamps use fluorescence from phosphors excited by ultraviolet light. Mercury lamps contain an electric arc through vaporized mercury, and sodium vapor lamps use sodium in an excited state to produce light. Halogen lamps add halogen gases to increase filament life. Compact fluorescent lamps are designed to replace incandescent bulbs and use less power than incandescents for the same light output.
This document discusses lighting options and their energy usage. It begins by explaining how light output, energy use, and lamp efficiency are measured. It then discusses various lighting technologies like incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen lights. Compact fluorescent lights are highlighted as the most efficient option, using around 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light. While more expensive initially, compact fluorescent bulbs save significantly on energy costs over their longer lifespan. The document provides examples showing the financial savings of switching to more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs.
This document discusses the benefits of induction lighting compared to other lighting technologies such as high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide lighting. Induction lights last significantly longer at 100,000 hours compared to 22,000 hours for HPS and 10,000 hours for metal halide. They also maintain higher lumen output over their lifetime. This results in substantial savings for cities and businesses in reduced maintenance and energy costs when replacing existing lighting with induction fixtures. Induction lighting also produces light that appears brighter to the human eye due to its higher color rendering index and color temperature.
This document discusses different types of electrical lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, compact fluorescent, LED, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and applications of each lamp type. The document is intended to educate readers about the elements and members of electrical engineering related to various lighting technologies.
Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) are more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs, using only one-third the energy to produce the same amount of light. Widespread adoption of CFLs could save Americans $24 billion per year in energy costs and reduce household greenhouse gas emissions by up to 10%. While CFLs contain small amounts of mercury, their increased use would actually decrease overall mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. Light emitting diodes are another efficient alternative that use 75% less energy than incandescents and last 25 times longer.
The document discusses three main options for energy-efficient lighting: fluorescent lights, compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), and light-emitting diode (LED) lights. Fluorescent lights last much longer than incandescent bulbs and use less energy. CFLs are smaller than fluorescent tubes and can fit in standard light fixtures. LED lights have the longest lifespan, use the least amount of energy, and don't contain mercury like fluorescent bulbs. However, LEDs currently have higher upfront costs and produce lower quality light than other options.
The document discusses the different types of light bulbs - incandescent, CFL, and LED. It provides details on their energy efficiency, lifespan, luminous efficiency, power consumption, and environmental impact. LED bulbs are the most efficient option, with energy savings of 80-90% compared to incandescent bulbs. They last 50,000 hours compared to 1,200 hours for incandescent. LEDs do not contain toxic mercury like CFLs. Widespread adoption of LEDs in India could save 9,000 million kWh of electricity annually, worth $850 million. This would significantly reduce the need for new power plants and cut national electricity demand.
The document discusses various techniques for conserving energy in lighting systems, including replacing lamps with more efficient options, using efficient ballasts and transformers, installing light controls, and establishing maintenance programs. Some key points covered are replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs or LEDs, using electronic ballasts instead of electromagnetic ones, installing sensors and dimmers to control lighting based on occupancy or daylight, and periodically cleaning lamps and fixtures to maintain light output over time.
This document discusses different types of light bulbs and their applications. It describes incandescent bulbs, which are the most common household light and produce a warm glow. Halogen bulbs are an innovative form of incandescent bulb that extends the life of the bulb. Fluorescent bulbs are more energy efficient and produce less heat than incandescent bulbs. Compact fluorescent lights fit into standard sockets. High-intensity discharge (HID) lights are very bright and efficient, used for outdoor lighting. LED lights are long-lasting and efficient but not ready to replace all lighting systems.
This document discusses different light sources including natural sunlight and various artificial light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lamps. Incandescent lamps emit light due to the filament heating up, while discharge lamps emit light from an electric current passing through gas. Incandescent lamps are very inefficient as most of the energy is wasted as heat rather than visible light. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor and phosphors that convert UV light to visible light, providing high efficacy. Other discharge lamps discussed include high and low pressure sodium, metal halide, and halogen incandescent lamps.
This document discusses different light sources including natural sunlight and various artificial light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, discharge, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the operation and characteristics of these various lamp types. Incandescent lamps emit light due to the filament heating to a high temperature, while discharge lamps emit light from an electric current passing through gas. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor and produce light through fluorescence of phosphor coatings.
Alyssa and Jenna-energy efficiency lighting.pptChristinaBoyd12
The main goal of efficient lighting is to cut costs while improving quality and reducing environmental impacts. Different efficient light sources include fluorescent, LED, and high-intensity discharge lamps. Using efficient fixtures, a company saved over 4 million kWh annually, reducing carbon dioxide by 3,038 tons and other emissions. Fluorescent bulbs use 75% less energy but contain mercury, while LEDs are durable and long-lasting but more expensive initially than incandescents. Benefits include energy savings while limitations include effects on some with medical issues.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdf
CFL
1. SUMMARY
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called as compact fluorescent light, energy
saving light and compact fluorescent tube . It is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace
an incandescent lamp, some types fit into logging fixtures formerly used for
incandescent lamp. The lamp use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space
of an incandescent bulb and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible
light, CFL uses one - fifth to one third the electric power, and last for eight to fifteen
times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price in electricity costs over the lamps
lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps CFL contains mercury which complicates their
disposal in many countries, government have established recycling schemes for CFLs
and glass generally.
CFLs radiats a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent
lamps, improved phosphorus for emulation have improved the perceived color of the
light emitted by CFLs are subjectively similar in color to standard incaincandescent
lamps.
CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas standard
incandescent lamps have a service life of 750 or 1000 hours. However the actual
lifetime of lamps depends on many factors including operating voltage manufacturing
defects exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off
lamp orientation and ambient operating temperature among other factors.
2. INTRODUCTION
The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 1890s by PETER
COOPE HEWIT. The Cooper Hewit lamps were used for photographic studio and
industries.
They are two type of CFLs : INTEGRATED and NONINTEGRATED LAMPS
INTEGRATED LAMPS : Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single
unit. These lamp allows consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs.
Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures reducing the
cost of converting to fluorescent.
NON-INTEGRATED LAMPS :Non- integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently
installed in the luminare and only the lamp bulb is usually changed at its end of life.
Since the ballast are placed in the light fixture they are large and lasts longer
compared to the integrated once, and they don't need to be replaced when the bulb
reaches its end of life . Non- integrated CFL housings can be more expensive and
sophisticated. They have two types of tubes, a bi-pin tube designed for conventional
ballast and a quater-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional
ballast with an external starter which activities the need for external heating pin but
causes incompatible with electronic ballast.
CFLs have two main component a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas- filled tube
(called bulbor burner). Replacement of magnetic ballast with electronic ballast has
removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally with fluorescent
lighting that allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchargeable with
more sizes of incandescent bulbs. CFLs are produced for both alternating current (AC)
and direct current (DC) input. DC CFLs are popular to use in recreational vehicles
and off the grid housing. There are various agency initiative in developing countries
to replace kerosene lamp which as associated health and safety hazard with CFL
powered by battery, solar panels or wind generators
CFLs in solar powered street light uses solar panel mounted on the poles. Due to
potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution various orgianization have
encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Effort range from
publicity to encourage awarness , to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. Some
electric utilities and local government has subsidized CFLs or provide them for free to
coustomer as a mean off reducing electric demand. CFLs are generally not for
outdoor and some will not start in cold weather when switched on.
As of 2009 CFLs turn on in a second, but many still take time to achieve full
brightness. The light color may be slightly different immediately after being turned on.
Some CFLs ate manufactured as instant on and have no noticeable warmup period but
3. other can take up a minutes to reach full brightness or longer in very cold temperature.
Some that uses a mercury take up to three minutes to reach full output. Thus the
shorter period may make CFLs less suitable for applications such as motion activated
light, hybrid lamps, combining a halogen lamp with a CFL are available when
warmup time is unacceptable. The halogen lamp lights immediately and is switched
off once the CFL has reached full brightness.
4. PROJECT DETAILS & PRODUCT CONCEPT
Spectrum Of Light
A photographs of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature difference.
From left to right : Compact Fluorescent : General Electric,
13W,6,500K;Incandescent Sylvania, 14W ,3,1000K.
CFLs emits light from a mix of phosphors inside the bulb,each emitting one band of
color. Modern phosphors designs balance the emitted light color.,energy efficiency
and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix proves color rendering but
decrease efficiency and increase cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four
phosphor to achive a "white light " with a color rendering index (CRI) of about
80,where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of a color under daylight or a
black-body (depending on the correlated color temperature).
Color temperature can be indicated in kelvin or miredy (1 mi llion divided by the color
temperature in kelvin). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a
black body that has a same chromaticity (i.e) of the light source. A notional
temperature, the correlated color temperature of a black body which emits light of a
hue which to human color perception most closely matches from the light from the
lamp is assigned
A true color temperature is characteristics of a black body radiation ; a floucrant lamp
may approximate the radiation of a black body of a given temperature but will not
have identical spectrum. In particular,narrow band of whiter wavelength radiation are
usually present even for lamps of low color temperature ("warm light ").
As color temperature increase the shading of the white light changes from red to
yellow to white to blue, Color means used for modern CFLs and other tri-phospher
lamps vary between manus, unlike the standardized name with older halophosphate
flu lamps. Foreg Sylvania,s day light CFLs have a core temperature of 3,500k, while
5. most other lamp called daylight have core temperature of atleast 5,000k.
N A M E COLOR TEMPERATURE
(K )
(Mired)
Wa rm Light
3 0 0 0
3 3 3
Bright Light
3 5 0 0
2 8 6
Core Light
4 0 0 0
2 5 0
Life Span
Da y Light
CFLs typically have a rated
service life of 6,000 to
15,000 hours whereas standard incandescent lamps have service life of 750 to 1,000
hours. However the actual lifetime of lamps depends on many factors including
operating voltage manufacturing defects exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical
shock, frequency of cycling on and off lamp orientation and ambient operating
temperature among other factors .
The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the
city 5 minutes on/off cycle the life span of some CFLs may be reduced to that of
incandescent light bulb. CFLs can be expected to produce 70-80% of their original
light output.
Energy Efficiency
5 0 0 0
2 0 0
Because the eyes sensitively changes with the wavelength, the output of the light
commonly measured in linens, a measure of the power of light as perceiver human
eyes. The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumen produced watt of
electrical power used. The luminous efficiency of a typical CFL is 50-70 per watt
(1m/w) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 10-17(1m/w) ,these lamps have
lighting efficient of 7-10% for CFLs and 1•5-2•5%for incandescent
Because of their efficiency, CFLs uses between one-seventh and one-third of the
power equivalent to incandescent lamps. 50-70% of the world today lighting market
scale were incandescent in 2010. Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs.,it
would save 40 greta watt hours (TWh) per year, 2•5% of the world electricity
consumption. In US it is estimated that replacing all the incandescent would save
80(TWh) yearly. Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamp (ILS) ,a
phase - out of ILS would result in less carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted in to the
atmosphere. Exchanging ILS for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve
anyway CO2 reduction of 230 Mt (million tons) more than the combined yearly CO2
6. from Netherlands and Portugal
If the building is indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs then the heat
produced due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climate or in office or in
industrial buildings ,where air condition are often required, CFLs reduce the load on
the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in
savings of electricity in addition to the energy efficiency saving of the lamps
themselves. However in cooler climate in which building ,require heating the heating
system needs to be replace the reduced heat from the lighting fixtures. In Winnipeg
Canada it was estimated that CFL would only generate 17 percent savings in
incandescent bulbs,as opposed to the 75 percent saving that could have been expected
with out space heating considering.
COST
While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3-10 times greater than that of an
equivalent incandescent lamp,a CFL last 8-15 times longer and uses two-three quarter
less energy. Indian article stated "A household that invested Rs 15,000 over changing
30 fixtures to CFLs would save Rs 26,972 to Rs 91953 over five-seven year
depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and it is 12 percent
discount to estimated saving.
Recycling
Health and environmental concern about mercury have promoted many jurisdictions
to spent lamps to be properly disposed off or recycle, rather being included in the
waste stream send to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulb in a safe place
unbroken until they can be processed.
The first step of processing involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that have
negative pressure ventilation and a mercury absorbing filter or it is turned in to
mercury vapors. Many municipality are purchasing such machines. The crushed glass
and metal are stored in drum ready for shipping or recycling in factories.
Green House Gases
In some place, such as Quebec and British Columbia central heating for home are
provided by the burning of natural gas., whereas electricity is primarily provided by
hydro electric or nuclear power. In such area, heat generated by conventional light
bulbs significantly reduced the release of green house gas from the natural source.
Ivanco, Karney and Waher estimated that "if all nones in Quebec were required too
switch from incandescent bulb to CFLs their would be an increase in an airnoise of
220,000 tonnes in CO2 emissions from more than 40,000 automobile "such
calculations are based on the implementation assumption that changes in power
consumption equally effect the electricity, gas in different types of power stations .
The electricity generation mix is assumed to be unchanged. In this case of
7. hydroelectric and nuclear power stations,which is moved to produce as much electric
energy as possible independent of contamination changes in power consumption may
in reality affect the import/export volume and the amount of power generation in
other region where fossil power plants are used.
PROMOTERS
M/s Phillips Electronic India Pvt. Ltd
Motorola Excellence Centre
5th floor, 415/2. Mehauri Gurgaon
Road, sector - 14. Gurgaon 12201
Phone No : 0214 4091 900
Fax No : 0124 4091 933
Royal Phillips
Royal Phillips of the Netherland is a diversified Health and Well-being company,
focused on improving peoples lives through timely innovations . As a world leader in
health care, lifestyle and lighting. Phillips integrates technology and design into
people centric solution, based on fundamental customers insights and a brand promise
of sense and simplicity
Headquartered in the Netherland, phillips employees over 122,000 employees with
sales and services in more than 100 countries world wide. With scales of EUR 22.6
billion in 2011 the company is a market leader in cardiac care, acute care and home
health care, energy efficient lighting solution and new lighting application as well as
lifestyle products for personal well-being and pleasure with strong leadership position
in male shaving and grooming portable entertainment and oral health care.
Phillips India Limited Phillips India Limited, a subsidiary of the Netherland based
Royal Phillips is the leading health and well-being company. Today, Phillips is simple
and more focused company with global leadership positions in key market of
Healthcare, lighting and consumer lifestyle, addressing peoples. Health and wellbeing
needs and aspirations as its over arching theme .As one of the nations most well
known and well loved brand, Phillips is practically a part of every Indians life. With
resent launch of Phillips Respironics products categories in instructive sleep apnes
management and home respiratory care, home decorative lighting range and ALU
rang, Phillips find use in virtually every aspects of an daily life 24×7 at work, at home,
on the move and rest. Phillips stand as source of easy to use, trendy and innovative
8. internationally acclaimed product with superior design and technology that enhance
the quality of consumers professional and personal lives Phillips has been operating in
India over 75 years and employing over 4,500 employees around the country. The
company as an excellent pan India distribution and after sales service network.
HAVELLS
M/s Havells India Ltd
E-1 Sector 59 , Nodia 201307
UP INDIA.
Phone No: 0120 2477777
Fax No: 0120 2477666
Havells India Ltd is a billion dollars plus electrical equipment company found in 1958
with product ranging from industrial & domestic circuit protection switch gear, cables
wire, motor ,fan, power capacitor, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) , luminaries for
domestic commercial & industrial application, modular switch covering household,
commercial & industrial electrical need, water heater and domestic application
Havells own global brands like Crabtree, Sylvania, Concord luminance and has 94
branches and representative offices with 8000 professional in over 50 countries. As of
2013, it has 12 manufacturing plants in India located in Haridwar, Baddi, Nodia,
Faridabad, Ahwar, Neemranal and 6 manufacturing plants are located across Europe,
Latin, America & Africa and with more than 20,000 distribution network
Havells India Limited
Type - Public Company
Industry - Electrical equipment
Founded - 1958
Founder(s) - Qimat Rai Gupta
Headquater - Nodia, India
Key people - Qimat Rai Gupta (founder)
Rajesh Rai Gupta (chairman)
Products - Electronic products
Revenue - INR 58.62 billion (US$ 930 million)
Employees - 8,000
9. Division - Lighting Sector, Power Distribution sector
MANUFACTURING PROCESS & TECHNIQUE
Early lamps were laboriously assembled by hand. After automatic machinery was
developed the cost of lamps fell.
In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of
glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely
aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are
created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a
typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. [64] The filament and its
supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out
of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then
inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested.
10. PLANT & MACHINERY REQUIRED
Cement Mixer
Leveraging on our immeasurable industry experience, we engaged in offering quality
range of CFL light. High grade raw material is used in manufacturing process of the
products which ensure superior quality and excellent performance. These are
available in different wattage as per the demand of the client in market- lrading prices.
Owing in these factories we have gained the position of a paramount manufacture and
trade in India
CFL Basing Machine
We offer high quality CFL Basing Machine. Being a client centric organization; we
made sure that the products offered by us comply with predefined industrial standard.
11. More over we can offer our machine in vertical technical specification to suit the
diversified needs of clients. The technical expertise of our highly qualified
engineering help us to incorporate the best engineerings standards in the offered range
of products
CFL Fitting
Our client can ask us different types of CFL fittings. To keep place in growing market
competition, we manufacture CFL fitting in strict compliance with international
quality standards, our production techniques are constantly reviewed for scope of
improvement. Besides, we are blessed to have the support of adroit and assiduous
engineers ; who make sure our products ate excellent in each aspect.
Life Testing Rack for CFL Capsule
Rack is having 40 no of heads and easily changes over for different wattage. This rack
can be used for Exhaust head portion testing also
Sutiable for 5,7,9,11,13,15,18,20,23&26 watt CFL capsule (wire lamp)
Further, these tacks can also be designed as per demand and specification of the
clients
12. CFL Making machine
We are highly dedicated towards the demand of the client for CFL Making Machine.
These CFL Making Machine are made available by us in different specification to
meet the diverse requirements of the clients. Our CFL Making Machine are available
in different range and capacities and are widely used in manufacturing CFL lamps for
different specification
Different specification used in making CFL are
Diameter : 11mm, 16mm, 26mm and 38mm
Wattage : 20watts, 40watts, 65watts and 80watts
Color : Warm white, White, Cool day light and other color
LOCATION & INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED
13. Royal Phillips of the Netherland is a diversified Health and We ll-being company,
focused on improving peoples lives through timely innovations . As a world leader in
health care, lifestyle and lighting. Phillips integrates technology and design into
people centric solution, based on fundamental customers insights and a brand promise
of sense and simplicity Headquartered in the Netherland, phillips employees over
122,000 employees with sales and services in more than 100 countries world wide.
With scales of EUR 22.6 billion in 2011 the company is a market leader in card iac
care, acute care and home health care, energy efficient lighting solution and new
lighting application as well as lifestyle products for personal well-being and pleasure
with strong leadership position in male shaving and grooming portable entertainment
and oral health care.
Phillips India Limited
Phillips India Limited, a subsidiary of the Netherland based Royal Phillips is the
leading health and well-being company. Today, Phillips is simple and more focused
company with global leadership positions in key market of Healthcare, lighting and
consumer lifestyle, addressing peoples. Health and wellbeing needs and aspirations as
its over arching theme As one of the nations most well known and well loved brand,
Phillips is practically a part of every Indians life. With resent launch of Phillips
Respironics products categories in instructive sleep apnes management and home
respiratory care, home decorative lighting range and ALU rang, Phillips find use in
virtually every aspects of an individuals daily life 24×7 at work, at home, on the move
and rest. Phillips stand as source of easy to use, trendy and innovative internationally
acclaimed product with superior design and technology that enhance the quality of
consumers professional and personal lives Phillips has been operating in India over 75
years and employing over 4,500 employees around the country. The company as an
excellent pan India distribution and after sales service network .
MAN POWER
14. By promotion environments and systems that enable employees to further
demonstrate their abilitys, Phillips is developing a greater number of professional
employees with the aim of rasing productivity for the entire company. As part of these
effort Phillips created a working group of employee of 10,000 and has been actively
encouraging their activities .In fiscal 2012, Phillips held education seminar for all
groups employees. These seminar provided a form for female employees to acquire
more of the skill they needed to realize their carrier ambition and practice more
effective communications by better understanding their own and other mind set it was
increased by 5 lack. Additional, phillips has been introduction female employees who
are active within the company on a section of its intranet entitled. Interviews with
Inspired Phillips Women to help female employees to gain insight into their career,
female workers were about 3 thousands.From here phillips will continue actively and
effectively take action aimed at building a corporate culture that fully supports job
satisfaction and carrier of women.
RAW MATERIAL
SR.
No.
MATERIAL QUANTITY
1 Capsule (Glass tube) 2000
2 PBT (Plastic Body) 1000
3 B22 Cap 2500
4 PCB 3000
5 Assembly Charges 5000
6 Spider & Dust Cap 500
7 Electro Mechanical Part Like-T-yoke, Bore, Plate,
Eyelets etc
150
8 Consumable 650
Working Capital Required
15. Working capital is a financial metric which represent operating liquidity available to a
business organization or other entity including government entity also with fixed
ascent such as plant and equipment working capital. Net working capital is calculated
as current assets minus current liabilities. It is a deprivation of working capital that is
commonly used in valuation techniques such as DCFs (Discounted Cash Flows). If
current ascent is less than current liabilities, an entity as a working capital deficiency
also called working deficit
WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS - CURRENT LIABILITIES
Calculation
Current assets and current liabilities include three account which ore of special
importance. These account represents the area of business where manager has the
most direct impact
Account (receivable current assets)
Inventor (current assets)
Account Payable (current liabilities)
MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL
16. Guided by the criteria, management will use a combination of policies and technique
for the management of working capital. The policies aim at managing the current
assets (generally cash and cash equivalent, inventories and debtors) and the short
term financing, such that cash flows and returns are acceptable
Cash management : identify the cash balance which allows for the business to meet
day to day expensive, but reduce cash holding cost
Inventory management : identify the label of inventory which allows for uninterrupted
production but reduced the investment in raw materials
Debtors management : identify the appropriate credit policy that is credit term which
will attract customers, such that any impact on cash flows and the cash conversion
cycle will be offset by increased revenue
Short term financed identify the appropriate source of financing given the cash
conservation cycle ; the inventory is ideally financed by the credit granted by the
suppliers
MARKET SURVEY
17. Some 83•8 percent of survey response indicated their organization hires professional
CFLs, and of those 89•5 percent or 170 organization, have an annual budget of atleast
$5000 for professional CFLs. Of those 170 organization., we asked a series of
question of their use of professional CFLs in general, across all their meeting to learn
how professional CFLs ate chosen, what impact they have on the meeting when they
appear, and what they cost the organization
Professional CFL budgets between $5000 and $20,000 were most common reported
by 29•5 percent of respondents with more than $ 100,000 option with placing with
18•9 percent. The $5000 - $20,000 range is more heavily favored by charitable or
philanthropic organization (75 percent) and educational institution (83•3 percent) than
the other type of organization survived For organization with a narrow than national
focus, roughly half the budget fall in the $5,000 - 20,000 range (54•5 percent) but that
drops to about to a quarter with nationally and internationally focused organization
(21•7 and 25•0 percent respectively. Organization who measure, through assessment
or evaluation, whether learning occur at their meeting or more like to have a
professional CFL budget of more than $100,000 than those who don't measure
learning (29•5 percent versus 17•6 percent).
COST OF PROJECT AND SOURCE OF FINANCE
Finance in project in india can be raised by the way of
(A) Share Capital
(B) Long - term borrowing
(C) Short - term borrowing
Both share capital and long term borrowings are used yo finance fixed assets and the
margin money required to obtain the bank borrowings for working capital. Working
capital id financed mainly from bank borrowings and from unsecured loaned and
deposits
SOURCE OF FINANCE
18. HSA investment assets reached an estimated $1•7 billion, up by 56% from the end of
2011. The average investment account holder had an $8,918 average total balance The
majority of their reports were delivered at the year end Devenur HSA Market Survey.
The wad carried out in January, 2013 and primarily consisted of the top 59 HSA
Provider in the health saving market as data was requested on the period ending on
December 31st, 2012
Project Profit and Break Even Analysis
(HOW PROFIT IS CALCULATED)
•Turn over (per year)
Item QTY RATE VALUE (Rs)
CFL ? ? ?
•Net Profit Per Year
Sale - Cost Of Production = Rs
•Net Profit Ratio :- Net Profit Per Year × 100
•Rate of Return:- Net Profit Per Year × 100 = %
•Break - even (% age of total production
Analysis envisaged)
•Fixed Cost
a) Depreciations (all types)
b) Rent on Building
c) Interest on Investments
d) 40% of salaries & wage
e) 40% of utilities
•TOTAL
Net Profit Per Year :- Total Income
Break-even Point (B•E•P) :- Fixed Cost × 100
•Fixed cost + Net profit
= ? × 100
= PROFIT
CONCLUSION
The average rated life of CFL is between 8 to 15 times than that of incandescent.
CFLs typically have a rated life span of between 6,000 and 15,000 hours, whereas
incandescent lamp are usually manufactured yo have a life span of 750 hours or 1,000
hours. For a given light output. CFLs use 20 to 30 percent of the power of equivalent
incandescent lamps
9-13 40 450
19. 13-15 60 800
18-35 75 1,000
23-40 100 1,600
30-52 150 2,600
This given an efficiency range of 17 to 21% of a theoretical ideal white light source
giving 357 linens per radiant watt for a tri-phosphor spectrum, while CFLs require
more energy in maintaining than incandescent lamps this embodied energy is more
than offset by the fact that they last longer and less energy than equivalent
incandescent lamps during lifespan. While the purchase price of an CFL is typically 3
to 10 times greater than that of equivalent incandescent lamps. Cost of CFLs are
extremely cost effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent
lamps. Thus CFL has got an enormous market potential