This document discusses rotational motion and provides definitions and equations for key angular quantities such as angular displacement (θ), angular velocity (ω), angular acceleration (α), torque (τ), moment of inertia (I), angular momentum (L), and rotational kinetic energy. It defines these quantities, gives their relationships to linear motion quantities, and provides examples of how to set up and solve problems involving rotational dynamics.

1. Chapter 8 Rotational Motion

3. 8-1 Angular Quantities In purely rotational motion, all points on the object move in circles around the axis of rotation (“ O ”). The radius of the circle is r . All points on a straight line drawn through the axis move through the same angle in the same time . When P (at radius r) travels an arc length  , OP sweeps out an angle θ . θ  Angular Displacement of the body

6. θ  3  10 -4 rad = ? º r = 100 m,  = ? a) θ = (3  10 -4 rad)  [(360/2 π )º/rad] = 0.017º For small angles: The chord  arc length b)  = r θ = (100)  (3  10 -4 ) = 0.03 m = 3 cm θ MUST be in radians in part b Example 8-2 :

7. 8-1 Angular Quantities Angular displacement: The average angular velocity is defined as the total angular displacement divided by time : The instantaneous angular velocity: (8-2a) (8-2b) (Units = rad/s ), Valid ONLY if  θ is in rad !

8. 8-1 Angular Quantities The angular acceleration is the rate at which the angular velocity changes with time: The instantaneous acceleration: (8-3a) (8-3b) (Units = rad/s 2 ) Valid ONLY if  θ is in rad &  ω is in rad/s !

10. Connection Between Angular & Linear Quantities v = (   /  t),   = r  θ  v = r(  θ /  t) = r ω Radians!  v = r ω  Depends on r ( ω is the same for all points!) v A = r A ω A v B = r B ω B v B > v A since r B > r A Therefore, objects farther from the axis of rotation will move faster .

11. 8-1 Angular Quantities If the angular velocity of a rotating object changes , it has a tangential acceleration: a tan = (  v/  t),  v =r  ω = r (  ω /  t)  a tan = r α Even if the angular velocity is constant, each point on the object has a centripetal acceleration:

12. 8-1 Angular Quantities Here is the correspondence between linear and rotational quantities:

13. 8-1 Angular Quantities The frequency is the number of complete revolutions per second: or ω = 2 π f (angular frequency) Frequencies are measured in hertz . The period is the time one revolution takes:

14. 8-2 Constant Angular Acceleration The equations of motion for constant angular acceleration are the same as those for linear motion, with the substitution of the angular quantities for the linear ones. NOTE: These are ONLY VALID if all angular quantities are in radian units!!

15. 8-3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) In (a), a wheel is rolling without slipping. The point P, touching the ground, is instantaneously at rest , and the center moves with velocity v. In (b) the same wheel is seen from a reference frame where C is at rest. Now point P is moving with velocity –v. The linear speed of the wheel is related to its angular speed :

17. 8-4 Torque To make an object start rotating, a force is needed; the position and direction of the force matter as well. The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line along which the force acts is called the lever arm .

18. 8-4 Torque A longer lever arm is very helpful in rotating objects.

20. 8-4 Torque Here, the lever arm for F A is the distance from the knob to the hinge ; the lever arm for F D is zero ; and the lever arm for F C is as shown.

21. 8-4 Torque The torque is defined as: F  = F sin θ F  = F cos θ τ = rF sin θ Units of torque: Newton-meters (N m)

22. Example 8-9 r  = r 2 sin60 º τ 2 = -r 2 F 2 sin60 º τ 1 = r 1 F 1 τ = τ 1 + τ 2 = -6.7 m N Always use the following sign convention ! Counterclockwise rotation  + torque Clockwise rotation  - torque

24. Simplest Possible Case A mass m moving in a Circle of radius r , one force F TANGENTIAL to the circle τ = rF Newton’s 2 nd Law + relation (a = r α ) between tangential & angular accelerations  F = ma = mr α So τ = mr 2 α  Newton’s 2 nd Law for Rotations Proportionality constant between τ & α is mr 2 (point mass only!)

27. 8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia The quantity is called the rotational inertia of an object. The distribution of mass matters here – these two objects have the same mass, but the one on the left has a greater rotational inertia , as so much of its mass is far from the axis of rotation.

28. 8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia The rotational inertia of an object depends not only on its mass distribution but also the location of the axis of rotation – compare (f) and (g), for example.

31. 5. Apply Newton’s second law for rotation . If the rotational inertia is not provided, you need to find it before proceeding with this step. 6. Apply Newton’s second law for translation and other laws and principles as needed. 7. Solve . 8. Check your answer for units and correct order of magnitude. 8-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics

33. 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy The kinetic energy of a rotating object is given by By substituting the rotational quantities, we find that the rotational kinetic energy can be written: An object that has both translational and rotational motion also has both translational and rotational kinetic energy : (8-15) (8-16)

35. 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy When using conservation of energy, both rotational and translational kinetic energy must be taken into account. All these objects have the same potential energy at the top, but the time it takes them to get down the incline depends on how much rotational inertia they have.

36. 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy The torque does work as it moves the wheel through an angle θ : (8-17) Torque: τ = Fr Work: W = F   = Fr  = τ 

38. 8-8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Therefore, systems that can change their rotational inertia through internal forces will also change their rate of rotation: