The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as maintaining a constant internal environment and steady state as a constant environment that may deviate from normal. Biological control systems use negative feedback to detect changes and activate effectors to correct changes and maintain homeostasis. Examples given include regulating body temperature and blood glucose. Exercise can challenge homeostasis but control systems typically maintain steady state with submaximal exercise in cool environments.
Introduction , Muscle and Postural tone,Aim,Types :General and Local Relaxation,Additional methods of relaxation :Consciousness of breathing,PRE,Contrast method, Reciprocal method,passive movement and pendular swinging.
Introduction , Muscle and Postural tone,Aim,Types :General and Local Relaxation,Additional methods of relaxation :Consciousness of breathing,PRE,Contrast method, Reciprocal method,passive movement and pendular swinging.
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Heat acclimatization occurs when repeated exercise-heat exposures are sufficiently stressful to invoke profuse sweating and elevate body temperatures. Generally, about 1-2-wk of daily exposures of 90 min are required; but highly aerobic fit athletes can heat acclimatize in half that time.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Heat acclimatization occurs when repeated exercise-heat exposures are sufficiently stressful to invoke profuse sweating and elevate body temperatures. Generally, about 1-2-wk of daily exposures of 90 min are required; but highly aerobic fit athletes can heat acclimatize in half that time.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
THIS WILL HELP YOU ANALYSE HOMEOSTASIS COMPIELED IN A VERY REFINED FORM.
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose.
Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine originating in India, offers a holistic approach to health and wellness that encompasses the body, mind, and spirit. With roots dating back over 5,000 years, Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest healing systems, focusing on achieving balance and harmony within the body to prevent illness and promote longevity.
The term "Ayurveda" is derived from the Sanskrit words "ayur," meaning life, and "veda," meaning knowledge or science. Thus, Ayurveda can be translated as the "science of life" or the "knowledge of longevity." Its principles are based on a profound understanding of the interconnectedness between the individual and the universe, emphasizing the importance of maintaining equilibrium in all aspects of life.
Central to Ayurvedic philosophy is the concept of the five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and ether—which form the basis of all existence, including the human body. These elements combine to create three primary energies or doshas known as Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, each responsible for specific physiological and psychological functions.
1. **Vata Dosha:** Composed of air and ether, Vata is characterized by qualities of dryness, coldness, lightness, and movement. It governs bodily functions related to movement, including breathing, circulation, and elimination. When in balance, Vata promotes creativity, vitality, and flexibility. However, imbalances can lead to anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues.
2. **Pitta Dosha:** Formed by fire and water, Pitta embodies qualities of heat, intensity, sharpness, and transformation. It governs metabolic processes, digestion, and hormonal balance. When balanced, Pitta promotes intelligence, courage, and assertiveness. Imbalances, on the other hand, can manifest as irritability, inflammation, and digestive disorders.
3. **Kapha Dosha:** Comprising water and earth, Kapha exhibits qualities of heaviness, coldness, stability, and lubrication. It governs structure, stability, and cohesion within the body, including strength, immunity, and fluid balance. When balanced, Kapha fosters compassion, patience, and stability. However, excess Kapha can lead to weight gain, lethargy, and respiratory issues.
Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of maintaining the equilibrium of these doshas to achieve optimal health and well-being. Various factors, including diet, lifestyle, environmental influences, and emotional states, can influence the balance of the doshas. Ayurvedic practitioners assess an individual's constitution (prakriti) and imbalances (vikriti) to tailor personalized recommendations for diet, lifestyle, herbal remedies, and therapies.
**Key Principles and Practices of Ayurveda:**
1. **Diet and Nutrition:** Ayurveda recognizes the importance of proper nutrition in maintaining health and preventing disease. Dietary recommendations are based on an individual's constitution, digestive capacity, and seasonal variations. Foods are categorized according to their tast
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
First proposed by Canadian-born American ecologist Robert MacArthur in 1955, homeostasis in ecosystems is a product of the combination of biodiversity and large numbers of ecological interactions that occur between species.
lec 2 Homeostasis and its mechanism with examplesayeshavirk45
In this slide you will find introduction of homeostasis, mechanism of homeostasis, processes involve in homeostasis, nwgative amd positive feedback mechanisms with examples.
Similar to Lec 1b control of internal envorment (20)
Wax therapy, which uses a bath of molten paraffin wax, is one of the most effective ways of applying heat to improve mobility by warming the connective tissues. Wax therapy is mainly used on your hands along with an exercise program.
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social life, and these are called paradigms. Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks
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support of them. Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Lec 1b control of internal envorment
1. Control of the Internal
Environment
Control of the Internal
Environment
2. Objectives
Define the terms homeostasis and steady state
Diagram and discuss a biological control system
Give an example of a biological control system
Explain negative feedback
Define what is meant by the gain of a control
system
3. Glossary
Maintain – keep up.
Constant – the same.
Internal – inside the body.
Environment – surroundings of the body.
Feedback - a cycle in which the output of a system
“feeds back” to modify or reinforce the actions of the
system in order to maintain homeostasis.
Thermoneutral Zone- describes a range of
temperatures of the immediate environment in which
a standard healthy adult can maintain normal body
temperature without needing to use energy above and
beyond normal basal metabolic rate
4. What is Homeostasis?
Body cells work best if they have the correct
Temperature
Water levels
Glucose concentration
Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.
5. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant internal environment is
called homeostasis
When the body’s biological control systems
maintain physiological variables at manageable
constant values at rest, (when the body is not under
any stress) it is called homeostasis.
Blood pressure–Body temperature–
Blood glucose levels
6. Steady State
It is a Balance between the demands placed on a
body and the physiological response to those
demands
Maintenance of an internal environment by a
biological control system, where a physiological
variable (e.g. body temperature) remains
relatively constant yet deviates from its normal
value, which occurs when the body is experiencing
stress (e.g. exercise).
7. Body Core Temperature During
Exercise
Changes in body core temperature during
submaximal exercise
Body temperature reaches
a plateau (steady state)
8. To distinguishing between these two terms is the case of
body temperature during exercise.
Graph illustrates the changes in body core temperature
during sixty minutes of constant-load submaximal exercise in
a thermoneutral environment
Core temperature reaches a new and steady level within forty
minutes after commencement of exercise.
This plateau of core temperature represents a steady state,
since temperature is constant; however, this constant
temperature is above the normal resting body temperature
and thus does not represent a true homeostatic condition.
Therefore, the term homeostasis is generally reserved for
9. In Summary
Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a
constant or unchanging “normal” internal environment
during unstressed conditions.
The term steady state is also defined as a constant
internal environment, but this does not necessarily
mean that the internal environment is at rest and
normal. When the body is in a steady state, a balance
has been achieved between the demands placed on
the body and the body’s response to those demands.
Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
10. Control Systems of the Body
The body has literally hundreds of different
control systems
Intracellular control systems
Protein breakdown and synthesis
Energy production
Maintenance of stored nutrients
Organ systems
Pulmonary and circulatory systems
Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Control Systems of the Body
11. Control Systems of the Body
Goal
To regulate some physiological variable at or near
constant value
Maintain homeostasis
12. Non-Biological Control System
if room
Temperature
below 200 C
Thermostat set
at 200 C
Heating System
Room
temperature
Returns to 200 C
Room Temperature
Signals thermostat
To turn off heat
13. Non-Biological Control System
A thermostat-controlled
heating/cooling system
An increase in temperature
above the set point signals
the air conditioner to turn on.
A decrease in room
temperature below the set
point results in turning on the
furnace.
Nature of the Control Systems
14. Biological Control Systems
Series of interconnected components that serve
to maintain a physical or chemical parameter at or
near constant
Receptor
Capable of detecting changes
Integrating center
Assesses input and initiates response
Effector
Corrects changes to internal environment
16. Negative Feedback
Most control systems of the body operate via negative
feedback
Response reverses the initial disturbance in
homeostasis
feedback is termed negative is that the
response of the control system is negative
(opposite) to the stimulus.
An example of negative feedback can be seen in the
respiratory system's regulation of the CO 2
concentration in extracellular fluid.
Example:
Increase in extracellular CO2 triggers a receptor
Sends information to respiratory control center
17. Positive Feedback
Response increases the original stimulus
Feedback is termed positive because the response
is in the same direction as the stimulus.
Example:
Initiation of childbirth stimulates receptors in cervix
Sends message to brain
Release of oxytocin from pituitary gland
Oxytocin promotes increased uterine contractions
Nature of the Control Systems
18. Gain of a control system
The precision with which a control system maintains
homeostasis is called the gain of the system
OR
Degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis
Gain can be thought of as the “capability” of the control
system
System with large gain is more capable of maintaining
homeostasis than system with low gain
Pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have large
gains
All these systems deal with life-and-death issues.
Nature of the Control Systems
19. In Summary
A biological control system is composed of a
sensor, a control center, and an effectors.
Most control systems act by way of negative
feedback.
The degree to which a control system maintains
homeostasis is termed the gain of the system. A
control system with a large gain is more capable
of maintaining homeostasis than a system with a
low gain.
Nature of the Control Systems
20. Examples of Homeostatic Control
Regulation of body temperature
Thermal receptors send message to brain
Response by skin blood vessels and sweat glands
regulates temperature
Examples of Homeostatic Control
22. Examples of Homeostatic Control
Regulation of blood glucose
Requires the hormone insulin
Diabetes
Failure of blood glucose control system
23. Example: Regulation of Blood Glucose
The pancreas acts as
both the sensor and
effector organ
24. Failure of a Biological Control System
Results in Disease
Failure of any component of a control system
results in a disturbance of homeostasis
Example:
Type 1 diabetes
Damage to beta cells in pancreas
Insulin is no longer released into blood
Hyperglycemia results
This represents failure of “effector”
Examples of Homeostatic Control
25. Exercise
Exercise disrupts homeostasis by changes in pH,
O2, CO2, and temperature
Control systems are capable of maintaining
steady state during submaximal exercise in a cool
environment
Intense exercise or prolonged exercise in a
hot/humid environment may exceed the ability to
maintain steady state.
May result in fatigue and cessation of exercise
Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
26. In Summary
Exercise represents a challenge to the body’s
control systems to maintain homeostasis.
In general, the body’s control systems are
capable of maintaining a steady state during most
types of exercise in a cool environment.
However, intense exercise or prolonged work in a
hostile environment (i.e., high temperature/
humidity) may exceed the ability of a control
system to maintain steady state, and severe
disturbances of homeostasis may occur.
Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
27. Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic
Control
Submaximal exercise in a cool environment
The body’s control systems can maintain steady
state
Maximal exercise or exercise in a hot/humid
environment
May not be able to maintain steady state
Severe disturbances in homeostasis can occur
