This document discusses various special populations that require special consideration for exercise prescription, including the elderly, those with cardiac issues, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, asthma, COPD, and pregnant women. For each population, it describes characteristics of the condition and provides guidance on exercise goals, testing, prescription parameters, and precautions. The key recommendations are to consult a physician, start low intensity and gradually progress exercise, and focus on improving functional capacity, management of risk factors, and quality of life. Chair exercises are recommended for those with limited mobility.
2. SPECIAL POPULATION
It is often meant as a collective term for a group of
people with certain health-related conditions or
groups of individuals who exhibit medical conditions
that impair health and functional ability
OR
Patients with circumstances or conditions that require
special attention
4. Exercise and the Elderly
The number of older individuals (over age sixty-five) in the
United States will double between 2000 and 2030 as the
Older individuals are a special challenge from the standpoint
of exercise prescription due to the usual presence of chronic
disease and physical activity limitations.
However, participation in physical activity and exercise will go
a long way in preventing the progress of diseases and in
extending the years of independent living
5. Maximal aerobic power decreases in the average population
after the age of twenty at the rate of about I% per year
The vast majority of people experience a steady decline in
V02 max so that by sixty years of age, their ability to engage
comfortably in normal activities is reduced.
This initiates a vicious cycle that leads to lower and lower
levels of cardio respiratory fitness, which may not allow
them to perform daily tasks In turn, this affects elderly
people's quality of life and independence, which may
necessitate reliance on others
6. Exercise for older people
Keeping Active into older age is the key to saying fit,
mobile and independent.
Exercise can keep elders strong and healthy
A physical activity program is useful in dealing not
only for cardio respiratory fitness but also for the
osteoporosis that is related to the sudden hip fractures
that can lead to more inactivity and death
7. Recommendation
The guidelines for exercise training programs for older
adults are similar to those for younger people but
medical exam and risk factor screening are essential
So Before starting exercise programs elderly
individuals should consult their physician.
8. Low impact exercises
Pace of all movement should be slow to moderate
Progression should be very gradual
Fast movement avoided to prevent postural
hypotension
Exercise focus should be on to encourage elders to
become more physically active like walk the store, use
the stairs
Encourage elders to keep joint flexible by moving,
stretching and bending
9.
10. Exercise Goals
Maintenance of functional capacity for independent
living
Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease
Improved strength & endurance
Improved flexibility
Retardation of progression of chronic diseases
Improve psychological well being
Reduces depression & anxiety
Improve socialization
11. Exercise Prescription
Mode/Type : comprehensive fitness program including
cardio respiratory, flexibility and strength training.
Weight-bearing endurance activities (tennis, stair climbing,
jogging, at least, intermittently during walking), activities
that ,involve jumping (volleyball, basketball), and
resistance exercise.
Non weight bearing for those elderly who have
degenerative joint disease like stationary cycling, water
exercises and chair exercises are best
12. Exercise Prescription
Intensity: Low to moderate than moderate to high, in
terms of bone loading.
Frequency Weight-bearing activities 3-5 times/week;
resistance exercise 2-3 times/week
Duration: Start with short 10 to 15 minutes/ day and
progress to 30-60 min/day OF a combination of weight-
bearing endurance activities and resistance exercise that
targets all the muscle groups
13. Adaptations
•Chair exercises are ideal for older people or those
with limited mobility
•The exercises facilitate movement at an appropriate
level to increase fitness without adding the
unnecessary risk that can arise during higher
intensity, higher impact activity
•Chair exercises focus on functional fitness and
improve participants' ability to perform the standard
activities of daily living.
14.
15. Benefits of participation
Improved risk factor profile e.g. higher HDL and lower
LDL cholesterol, improved insulin sensitivity, and
lower blood pressure
Increased strength and VO2max
VO2 max refers to the maximum amount of oxygen
that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal
exercise
16. Asthma
A respiratory problem characterized by a shortness of
breath accompanied by a wheezing sound
Due to:
Contraction of smooth muscle of airways
Swelling of muscosal cells
Hyper secretion of mucus
May be caused by allergic reaction, exercise, aspirin,
dust and pollutants
17. Asthma: Diagnosis & Causes
Diagnosed by using pulmonary-function testing (PFT)
Agent causes influx of Ca++ into mast cells
Release of chemical mediators histamine
Which triggers asthma attack
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction reflex via vagus nerve
Inflammation response
19. Prevention and Relief of Asthma
Prevention
Avoidance of allergens
Immunotherapy
Treatment
Cromolyn sodium
2-agonists
Theophylline
20. Exercise prescription
Mode: perform dynamic exercise such as walking
swimming and cycling. Upper body exercises
Intensity: low intensity dynamic exercise
Also based on patient fitness status and limitations
Frequency: 3 to 4 times per week
Duration: longer and more gradual warm up and cool
down more than 10 mints
Total time increased gradually 20 to 45 mints.
21. Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA)
Caused by cooling/drying of respiratory tract
Increases osmolarity on surface of mast cell
Reducing the chance of an attack
Warm-up
Short-duration exercise < 5 mints
Treatment
-agonist
22. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
Includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
bronchial asthma
Can create irreversible changes in the lung
Can severely limit normal activities
Treatment includes:
Medication (including supplemental O2)
Breathing exercises
Dietary therapy
Exercise
23. Testing and Training COPD Patients
Medical exam including exercise testing
FEV1 : It represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity
that they are able to expire in the first second of forced
expiration..
VO2max
Maximum exercise VE
Blood gasses (PO2 and PCO2)
Training goals include
Reduced reliance on O2 and medications
Improved ability to complete daily activities
25. Hypertension
Defined as >140 or >90
Increase risk of coronary heart disease
Exercise and diet can be used as a non-drug treatment.
Precautions
Blood pressure should be monitored for those on
medications
26. Hypertension
ACSM Guidelines, Gordon 1997
Loss of weight if overweight
Limit alcohol intake
Reduce sodium intake
Maintain adequate dietary K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Stop smoking
Reduce dietary fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake
27. Exercise prescription
Intensity: light to vigorous activity, Moderate range (40%-85%
V02 max), is effective and can be accomplished with lifestyle
activities as well as structured exercise programs.
Duration: Thirty minutes
Frequency: three or more days per week and progress to
Preferably all, days of the week
Gordon indicates that the combination of intensity, frequency,
and duration should result in a weekly physical activity energy
expenditure of 700 (initially) to 2,000 (goal) kcal
28. CARDIAC REHABILITATION
Exercise training is now an accepted part of the therapy used to
restore an individual who has some form of coronary heart
disease (CHD)
Cardiac rehabilitation is a programme of exercise and
information sessions that help people to get back to everyday
life as quickly as possible.
To help people in the hospital community and home.
Prove that exercise is not scary.
Reducing risk of happening again.
29. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Patient Population
Those who have or have had:
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)
Angioplasty (PTCA)
Angina pectoris
Medications
-blockers (reduce work of the heart)
Anti-arrhythmics (control dangerous heart rhythms)
Nitroglycerine (reduce angina symptoms)
30. Cardiac Rehabilitation Testing
Graded exercise testing
ECG monitoring (12-lead)
Heart rate and rhythm
Signs of ischemia (ST segment depression)
Blood pressure
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
Signs or symptoms (chest pain)
Determination of myocardial blood flow
31.
32. Cardiac rehabilitation includes a "Phase 1” inpatient
exercise program that is used to help the patients make
the transition from the cardiovascular event (e,g" a
myocardial infarction that put them in the hospital) to the
time of discharge from the hospital
After the patient is discharged from the hospital, a
"Phase II" program can be started.
Warm-up with stretching, endurance, and strengthening
exercises, and cool-down activities are included
33. Phase 3: structured exercise and rehabilitation
Graded exercise is a vital component of cardiac rehabilitation
group based exercise programme,
The exercise programme is an 8 week course
Each session lasts approx 90 minutes and is then followed by
educational talks which include medication, diet, exercise,
stress, relaxation
Phase 4 – long term maintenance of physical activity and
lifestyle change
To be effective, the changes you have made in the previous 3
phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation should be maintained for the
rest of your life.
34. Target three goals in cardiac rehabilitation
Safety
Fitness
Risk factor management
35. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Exercise Programs
Exercise prescription
Based on GXT results
MET level, heart rate, signs/symptoms
Whole body, dynamic exercise
Intensity, duration, and frequency based on severity of
disease
Effects
Increased functional capacity (VO2max)
Reduced signs/symptoms of ischemia
Improved risk factor profile
36.
37. Termination Criteria from Exercise
Any angina symptoms or feeling too breathless to
continue
Feeling dizzy or faint
Leg pain limiting further exercise
Exceeds level of perceived exertion > 15 (Borg Scale)
38. Contraindication for Exercise
Unstable or unresolved angina.
Fever and acute systemic illness.
Patient in severe pain.
Resting blood pressure: SBP> 180mmHg, DBP> 100mmHg
Significantly unexplained drop in blood pressure.
Tachycardia
New or recurrent symptoms of breathlessness, palpitation,
dizziness.
Significant lethargy
39. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a loss of bone mass that primarily affects women
over fifty years of age and is responsible for 1.5 million fractures annually
Type I osteoporosis is related to vertebral and distal radius fractures in
fifty- to sixty-five-year-olds and is eight times more common in women
than men.
Type II osteoporosis, found in those aged seventy and above, results in
hip, pelvic, and distal humerus fractures and is twice as common in women
The problem is more common in women over age fifty due to
menopause and the lack of estrogen
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) initiated early in menopause prevents
bone loss and can increase bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk
40. However, such treatments are not without risks. HRT has been
associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease and
mortality and an increased risk of certain cancers.
Given that prevention is better than treatment. attention is focused on
adequate dietary calcium and exercise throughout life
Dietary calcium is important in preventing and treating osteoporosis
Although the daily calcium requirement is 1,000 mg per day
There is clear evidence that vitamin D should be a part of any calcium
supplement aimed at the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
41. Exercise During Pregnancy
Pregnancy places special demands on a woman due to
the developing fetus's needs for:
calories, protein, minerals, vitamins,
and of course, the physiologically stable environment
needed to process these nutrients.
Pregnant women should consult their physician prior
to beginning any exercise program
42. Major adaptations to pregnancy
Blood volume increases 40–50%
Oxygen uptake and heart rate are higher at rest and
during exercise
Cardiac output is higher at rest and during
exercise in first two trimesters ƒLower in third
trimester
Rating of perceived exertion may be the best method
of setting intensity
43. Pregnancy is not a sickness or a disease condition.
However, there are several signs and symptoms that
should either preclude the beginning of an exercise
program or terminate exercise if a program has already
started
Regular endurance exercise poses no risk to the fetus
and is beneficial for the mother
44. Absolute contraindications
Significant heart disease
Incompetent cervix
Multiple gestation at risk for premature labor
Persistent second- and third-trimester bleeding placenta
previa after 26 weeks of gestation
Premature labor during the current pregnancy
Ruptured membranes
Pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia
45. Relative contraindications
Severe anemia
Unevaluated maternal cardiac arrhythmias
Chronic bronchitis
Poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes
Extreme underweight (BMI < 12)
History of extremely sedentary lifestyle
Intrauterine growth restriction in current pregnancy
Poorly controlled hypertension
Orthopedic limitations
Poorly controlled seizure disorder
Poorly controlled hyperthyroidism
46. Exercise Recommendations
Follow ACSM recommendation
30 min/day of moderate-intensity activity on most,
preferably all, days
Intensity determined by Rating of perceived exertion
Talk test : The talk test is a simple way to measure relative intensity.
In general, if you're doing moderate-intensity activity you can talk, but
not sing, during the activity. If you're doing vigorous-intensity activity,
you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a
breath.
No supine exercise after first trimester
47. Diabetes
Characterized by an absolute (type 1) or relative (type
2) insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia
A major health problem and leading cause of death in
the United States
More than 17 million with diabetes, only 11.1 million are
diagnosed
48. Diabetes
Type 1 (Insulin Dependent diabetes Mellitus)
Lack of insulin
Develops early in life
10% diabetic population
Type 2 (Non Insulin Dependent diabetes Mellitus)
Resistance to insulin
Develops later in life
90% diabetic population
49. Diabetes
Characteristics
Type 1
Insulin-dependent
Type 2
Non insulin-dependent
Another name Juvenile-onset Adult-onset
Proportion of all diabetics ~10% ~90%
Age at onset <20 >40
Development of disease Rapid Slow
Family history Uncommon Common
Insulin required Always Common, but not always
Pancreatic insulin None, or very little Normal or higher
Ketoacidosis Common Rare
Body fatness Normal/lean Generally obese
50. Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes
Pre-exercise blood glucose level
80 to 250
Timing with insulin
Should not exercise at time of peak insulin action
Glucose monitoring
During/after exercise
Carbohydrate intake
During recovery
51. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes
Blood glucose monitoring
Exercise prescription
4-7 times per week
Promotes weight loss and sustained increase in insulin
sensitivity
Minimum of 1,000 kcal/wk
From all physical activity
52. American Diabetes Association
Goals for Nutrition Therapy
Attain & maintain optimum metabolic outcomes:
Maintain Blood glucose levels in normal range
A lipid and lipoprotein profile that reduces the risk of
macrovascular disease
Maintain Blood pressure level that reduces risk of
vascular disease
Improve health through food choice and activity
Address individual nutritional needs
53. Exercise prescription
Mode: Endurance activities such as walking
swimming and cycling
Intensity: 50% to 60% VO2 max gradually working up
to 60 to 70% VO2 max
Frequency: 5 to 7 days a week for IDDM
4 to 5 days a week for NIDDM may need to start
several daily session
Duration: persons with IDDM should gradually work
up to 20 to 30 minutes per session
For NIDDM 40 to 60 minutes is recommended