The document summarizes the acute and chronic responses of the body to exercise. For acute responses, it describes how cardiovascular factors like heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure increase during exercise to deliver more oxygen to working muscles. Respiratory responses also increase oxygen uptake and ventilation. Chronic adaptations to training include increased maximum oxygen uptake and efficiency of oxygen delivery systems in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems over 6-8 weeks of regular aerobic training. Anaerobic training leads to increased muscle size, strength and power over the same duration.

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Responses to Exercise

2. Acute responses to
exercise

3. Acute responses
• Immediate/Short term responses
• Last only for the duration of the training or
exercise session and for a short time afterwards
(recovery)

4. Cardiovascular responses
• Increased Heart Rate (HR)
–Resting HR is usually around 60-80bpm
–Increases O2 delivery to working muscles
–Aids removal waste products
–Will increase until point of exhaustion
–Maximum HR (MHR) is the highest heart rate value
achieved in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion

6. • Increased Stroke Volume (SV)
–In untrained individuals at rest 60-80mL per beat
–During exercise this can increase to 110-130mL
–Females have smaller SV than males
–Will increase with exercise intensity but may plateau
until exhaustion
Cardiovascular responses

7. Cardiovascular responses
• Increased Cardiac Output (Q)
–Increases as a result of HR
and SV increases
–Delivers O2 to working
muscles
–During max exercise 20-
25L/min up to 35-40L/min
in highly trained individuals

8. • Increased Blood Pressure (BP)
–Pressure exerted against arterial walls
–Systolic BP: pressure during heart contraction
–Diastolic BP: pressure during heart relaxation
–Normal resting BP is 120/80 during exercise this might
increase to 180 or 200/80 or 90
Cardiovascular responses

9. Cardiovascular responses
• Redistribution of blood flow
–More toward working muscles up to 80-90%
compared to 15-20% during rest
–Capillaries and arterioles to the muscles vasodilate
–Capillaries and arterioles to the organs
vasoconstrict

10. Cardiovascular responses
• Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (AVO2)
–Difference in oxygen concentration between arterial
blood and venous blood
–The amount of oxygen extracted by the working
muscles
–Can increase from 5mL/100mL blood at rest to 15-
18mL during max exercise

12. Respiratory Responses
• Increased Respiratory Rate (RR)
–From 12 per min up to 35-50 per min
• Increased Tidal Volume
–From 0.5L per breath to 3-5L per breath
• Increased Ventilation
–From 5-6L per min to 130-180L per min

13. • Increased Oxygen Uptake (VO2)
–Rest 0.25L/min to 2-3.5L/min
–Increases with exercise intensity
–VO2 MAX is the maximum amount of oxygen
transported, taken up and used by the body
•Takes into consideration per kg body weight
•Generally lower for females
•Aerobic training can greatly increase VO2 max
Respiratory Responses

16. Oxygen Deficit
• Oxygen supply does not meet oxygen demand
• Anaerobic pathways used to supply energy
• Transition from rest to exercise or an increase in
exercise intensity

17. Steady State
• Oxygen supply equals oxygen demand
• Aerobic pathways used to supply energy
• Plateau in HR and ventilation

18. Excess Post-Exercise
Oxygen Consumption
• EPOC
• Also referred to as oxygen debt
• Oxygen consumed during recovery period
• Above resting levels
• Role is to:
–Replenish PC stores
–Removal lactic acid and CO2

20. Muscular Responses
• Increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment
• Increased blood flow to muscles
• Increased muscle temperature
• Increased muscle enzyme activity
• Increased oxygen supply and use
• Depleted muscle energy stores

21. Chronic Adaptations to
Training

22. • Body’s long term responses of the cardiovascular,
respiratory and muscular systems
• Three times per week for at least 6-8 weeks
• Changes can be evident at rest or exercise (sub-max or max)
• Adaptations remain until training ceases (reversibility or
detraining)
• Depend on type/method, frequency/duration/intensity of
training and individual capacities/genetics
Chronic Adaptations

23. Aerobic vs Anaerobic
• Min 6 weeks but more
effective after 12 weeks
• Changes improve
efficiency of O2 delivery to
muscles in cardiovascular
& respiratory systems
• Can decrease the risk of
lifestyle diseases
Aerobic
• Min 6 weeks
• Greatest change in
muscular system
• Changes enable greater
strength, power & speed
Anaerobic

24. Aerobic Cardiovascular
Changes
• Increase left ventricle size & volume
• Increased capillarisation of heart & skeletal muscle
• Increased SV
• Decreased resting HR
• Decreased HR sub-max exercise
• Increased HR during recovery
• Increased Q during max exercise
• Decreased BP
• Increased AVO2
• Increased blood volume & haemoglobin
• Decreased blood cholesterol & triglycerides

25. Aerobic Respiratory
Changes
• Increased ventilation max exercise
• Increased VO2 max
• Increased LIP

26. Aerobic Muscular Changes
• Increased oxygen utilisation
• Increased muscular fuel stores
• Increased oxidisation of glucose &
fat
• Decreased use anaerobic
glycolysis system
• Adaptation muscle fibre type

27. Anaerobic Changes
• Skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy
• Increased ATP & PC stores
• Increased glycolytic capacity
• Increased strength & size of connective
tissues
• Increase in number motor units recruited
• Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
• Increase speed of muscle contraction