Here are the key ways pulmonary ventilation increases during different levels of exercise:

1. CARDIO-PULMONARY
CHANGES DURING
EXERCISE
PRESENTED BY:
DR. SHAZEENA QAISER

2. CONTENTS
1. Exercise physiology
2. Responses Vs adaptations
3. Cardiovascular changes- short term and long term
4. Respiratory changes- short term and long term
5. Therapeutic benefits of exercise
6. References

3. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
 EXERCISE : defined as intentional increased muscular activities, planned structured
and basically repetitive contraction and relaxation of group of muscles.
 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Study of physio-chemical processes in the body that allow
conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work and the changes in the organ
systems in response to the effects of the work.
 Continued skeletal muscle activity utilises energy that depends on the rate of
nutrients and oxygen supply to the exercising muscles.

4. Movement requires activation and control of the
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
However, the CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMS provide the ability to sustain this movement
over extended periods.

5. PRIMARY AIM
TO SUPPLY ADEQUATE
OXYGENATED BLOOD TO
THE EXERCISING MUSCLE
TO FACILITATE OXYGEN
CONSUMPTION OF THE
BODY
TO MEET THE METABOLIC
DEMAND DURING EXERCISE

6. ISOTONIC EXERCISE ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
Dynamic Static
No change in the tension Change in tension
Length changes No change in length
External work is done No external work is done
Eg. Walking,
running,jogging
Eg. Trying to lift something which cant be lifted
Extra load on heart Greater load ;avoided in hypertensives and elderly
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7. CHANGES
CARDIOVASCULAR
SHORT TERM
LONG TERM
RESPIRATORY

8. RESPONSES VS ADAPTATIONS
RESPONSES
Short term
Physiology
Function
ADAPTATIONS
Long term
Anatomy
Structure

9. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
SHORT-
TERM
• Increased heart rate
• Increased Blood
pressure
LONG-TERM
• Cardiac hypertrophy
• Increased Stroke Volume
• Increased Cardiac output
• Increased skeletal muscle
blood flow
• Redistribution of blood flow
• Lower resting heart rate
• Increase in capillarisation
• Increase in RBCs

10. SHORT-TERM
• Increase in respiratory rate
• Increase in the tidal volume
• Increased Ventilation
• Increased VO₂
LONG-TERM
• Increased Lung Ventilation
• Increased lung capacity
• Increased strength of intercostal
muscles
• Increased Oxygen Diffusion
Rate
• Increased Minute Ventilation
• Increased no. of capillaries and
alveoli
• Increased Lactate Threshold
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

11. AEROBIC
 ATP
 PHOSPHOCREATININE
 FATTY ACIDS
 GLUCOSE/GLYCOGEN
 LACTIC ACID
ANAEROBIC
 ATP
 PHOSPHOCREATININE
 TRIGLYCERIDES + FFA-prolonged exercise
ATP REGENERATION= OXIDATION OF
GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS AND KETONE
BODIES
Glucose breakdown= lactate
• Collected By Muscles
liver by blood
(Gluconeogenesis) CORI’S CYCLE
• LIVER glucose MUSCLE
ENERGY SOURCE FOR EXERCISE
lactate glucose

12. CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES
CARDIAC FACTORS
STROKE
VOLUME
HEART RATE
MAXIMUM
HEART RATE
CARDIAC OUTPUT

14. 1. Increased Heart Rate (HR) –
 Heart rate increases linearly with the severity and duration of
exercise.
 Heart rate is slightly increased even before the onset of exercise due
to influence of cerebral cortex on the medullary cardiac centre.
 The maximal heart rate achieved is determined by the age of the
subject.
 Also called Target Heart rate, that forms the basis of treadmill
test while assessing the cardiac status of an individual.
 Approximate THR in 40 year adult= 190
 THR decreases with age.

15. HR
Increased Sympathetic
Discharge
Muscle Heart Reflex
Hormonal
Mechanisms
Thermogenic
Stimulation

16. Helps to :
 Increase O2 delivery to working muscles
 Aid removal waste products
 Will increase until point of exhaustion
STATE HR
REST 60-80 beats/minute
MODERATE EXERCISE 180 beats/minute
SEVERE EXERCISE 240-260 beats/minute

17.  Pressure exerted against arterial walls
 An increase in blood pressure is vital during exercise to meet the supply of
increasing demand on the musculoskeletal system.
 There may be an anticipatory blood pressure due to nerve impulses
originating from cerebra cortex to medullary cardiac and vasoconstrictor
centres.
 Normal resting BP is 120/80
 During exercise, this might increase to 180 or 200/80 or 90
2. INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)
BP= CARDIAC OUTPUT X PERIPHERAL
RESISTANCE

18.  Systolic Blood Pressure: Rise is due to:
1. Increase in cardiac output
2. Increase in heart rate
3. Compensatory Vasoconstriction in non active organs,vasodilatation on active so as to
perfuse the active organ with a greater pressure.
 Diastolic Blood Pressure: depends on two factors:
1. Degree of exercise 2. Peripheral Resistance ( diameter of vessel)
MILD-MODERATE : DBP INCREASES, due to vasoconstriction( Sympathetic activity)
MODERATE-SEVERE EXERCISE: DBP DECREASES, due to vasodilation (metabolic, cholinergic,
thermogenic) (which decreases TPR)

19.  Mean Blood Pressure:
MILD-MODERATE: increases
MODERATE-SEVERE : decreases as DBP decreases ( except isometric- overall increase in
MBP)
 Pulse Pressure:
• Becomes very wide.
• Helps in promoting perfusion of skeletal muscles.

20. NOTE:
Though there is an overall
decrease in the peripheral
resistance but the
increase in the cardiac
output is substantial
enough to cause an
overall increase in blood
pressure.
Degree PERIPHERAL
RESISTANCE
Moderate Vasodilatation =Vasoconstriction No change
Severe Vasodilation > Vasoconstriction Decreases
BP= C O X TPR

21. ISOTONIC EXERCISE
MODERATE
EXERCISE
SBP
DBP
UNALTERED
SEVERE
EXERCISE
SBP
DBP
VASODILATATION
CAUSED BY
METABOLITES PERIPHERAL
ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
PERIPHERAL
RESISTANCE
SBP + DBP

23.  The amount of blood that is ejected from the heart is known as stroke
volume
 It increases simultaneously along with heart rate
1. INCREASED STROKE VOLUME(SV)
ISOTONIC EXERCISE ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
1. HR
2. SV

24. SV
SYMPATHETI
DISCHARGE
END-DIASTOLIC
VOLUME
Adrenaline
VENOUS RETURN

25.  Defined as the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per unit of time. Q= HR X SV
 VO₂ max is determined by the ability of the CVS to transport oxygen to exercising muscles
2. INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q)
Q Amount of oxygen consumed during exercise
STATE Q
1. REST 5 L/min
2. EXERCISE 25 L/min
3. STRENOUS
EXERCISE
35-50 L/min
• The increase in Q is the limiting
step in oxygen extraction.
• A trained athlete increases CO
mostly by increasing SV than HR.

26. HR
Vagal Withdrawal Sympathetic activity
SV
Force of
contraction
Rate of
contraction

27.  Primarily occurs due to arteriolar dilation and opening up of
capillaries.
 The opening of capillaries during exercise not only increases blood
flow but also increases surface area for gas exchange
3. Increased skeletal muscle blood flow:
State Skeletal muscle Blood flow
1. Rest 2-4ml/100gm/min (16% of Q)
2. Exercise 50-80ml/100gm/min ( x20)

28.  Increased skeletal muscle blood flow is not
only due to increased cardiac output but
also due to the redistribution of blood flow
 Sympathetic vasoconstriction in visceral
and cutaneous vascular bed diverts
enough blood to the exercising skeletal
muscles.
 However vasodilatation in coronary and
cerebral circulation maintains blood flow
to these two crucial vital organs.
4. Redistribution of blood flow:

29. Capillaries And Arterioles
• More toward working muscles up to 80-90% compared to 15-
20% during rest
VASODILATE
VASOCONSTRICT
MUSCLES
ORGANS

30.  The increase In the hearts muscle thickness both in terms
of muscle fibres and contractile elements within the
heart.
 This happens only to cope with the excessive work load
imposed upon the heart during work.
 This is in order to increase the Stroke Volume
5. CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY

31. FORCEFUL
CONTRACTIONS
INCREASE IN
STROKE VOLUME
MORE OXYGEN
DELIVERY TO THE
WORKING MUSCLES
USED TO BREAK
DOWN ATP
USED FOR MORE
MUSCULAR
CONTRACTIONS

32. 6. LOWER RESTING HEART RATE
Demand of blood
supply to the
working muscles
No. of
capillaries .
blood
supply
O2 can be
delivered to
the muscle
7. INCREASE IN CAPILLARISATION

33. HYPOXIA ERYTHROPOEITIN
RELEASE
BONE
MARROW
STIMULATED
RELEASE
OF RBC’s
8. INCREASE IN RBC’S

34. FLUID
LOSS/sweatingwater flow from
vessels to interstitial
space due to
osmotically active
metabolites
HEMOCONCENTRATION
Increased Cutaneous
Vasodilatation
9. ON BLOOD VOLUME
DECREASE

35. DEGREE
REST MILD MODERATE SEVERE
HR
CO
BP
TPR
SV

36. RESPIRATORY CHANGES

37. Oxygen consumption + Carbon Dioxide
Production = 25 times
1. Increased Ventilation
2. Increased Perfusion
3. Increased Oxygen
Diffusion

39.  The number of breaths taken in 1 minute.
 At rest, you breathe about 12-15 times each minute. It increases upto 40-45
breaths/minute.
 When you begin to exercise, the CO2 level in the blood increases, because CO2
is a waste product of energy production.
 This triggers the respiratory centre in your brain & you breathe faster
Energy demand
increases
More oxygen
intake
required
Thus,
Increased
Breathing
1. Increase in Respiratory rate:

40. A. Increase in the tidal volume:
Higher normal
Tidal Volume
Signal the brain to
change the
breathing depth to
suit the demand
Detected by the
receptors in the
blood vessels
Change in the
conc. Of H+ , CO2
2. Increase in the tidal volume:
TV
Normal
breathing
500 ML
Exercise 1000 ML
Athletes 2000 ML

41. Rate
Depth/Tidal
Volume
Ventilatio
Increase in TV due to:
1. Movement of joints—reflux rise of
respiration
2. Symp stimulation—vessel constriction
that feeds the carotid body—hypoxia
felt—resp drive
3. Oscillation of blood PO₂ and PCO ₂-
carotid body stimulation
4. Severe exercise-lactic acid
accumulation-blood pH falls-resp drive.
5. Rise of body temp-stimulates the resp.
centre.
Tidal Volume ~ Depth of respiration
Minute Ventilation= Rate x
TV
3. INCREASE IN VENTILATION

42.  The ventilation increases
almost linearly with the
increase in the intensity
of exercise

43. 1. During light exercise (walking)? By increasing the tidal volume (Depth)
2. During steady state exercise (jogging)? By increasing both the tidal
volume and the frequency of breathing( Depth + Rate)
3. During intense exercise (sprinting)? By increasing the frequency of
breathing(Rate)
How does pulmonary ventilation (breathing) increase during exercise?
Type of exercise Minute Ventilation (L/min)
Rest 6
Slow Walking 20
Fast Walking 40
Prolonged Jogging 50
Fast Running 80
Minute Ventilation= Rate x Depth

44. Mechanism Of Increased Ventilation:
Abrupt
increase
Brief
Pause
Gradual
Increase
NEURAL
MECHANISM
CHEMICAL
MECHANISM
Psychic stimuli
from limbic
system
Impulses
originating
from
proprioceptors

45. CHEMICAL MECHANISMS
Arterial pO₂
Maintained due to proportionate
increase in ventilation.
• Strenous exercise
Lactic acidosis maintains arterial
pO₂
• Increase in Ventilation α
Increase in O₂ consumption
Arterial pCO₂
• it remains normal in mild to moderate
exercise. –due to HYEPRVENTILATION
• Strenous exercise: Decreases ( more
CO₂ removed than produced)
• Inspite of decline in pCO₂ , ventilation
is stimulated by fall in pH

46. Arterial pH
Excess Anaerobic Metabolism
Lactic Acidosis
Buffering(CO₂ formed)
Therefore ,Increase in Ventilation
(also acc. of CO₂ in blood is prevented)- ISOCAPNIC BUFFERING
Further Exercise Beyond Lactate threshold

47. Blood pH reduces
Metabolic Acidosis
Supralinear Stimulation of Ventilation
Ventilation stimulated (activation of peripheral chemoreceptors in
carotid and aortic bodies)
pCO₂ falls significantly
 Decline in arterial pCO₂ induced by excessive ventilation
becomes the physiological mechanism for respiratory
compensation of metabolic acidosis.

48.  Hyperventilation in exercise increases oxygen uptake in the lungs.
 This helps maintain arterial oxygenation.
 Maximal O₂ uptake = 20x ( Resting O₂ uptake)
Body type VO₂
Moderately Active 35-40ml O₂ /min/kg body wt
Strong Athlete 80-90ml O₂ /min/kg body wt
4. INCREASE IN O₂ UPTAKE(VO₂)

49. Pulmonary
Ventilation
Pulmonary
Perfusion
Ventilation-
Perfusion
Ratio
Dynamism
of
circulation
Extraction
of O₂ from
blood by the
exercising
muscle.

50. MECHANISMS OF INCREASED O₂ UPTAKE
1. Increased
Alveolar to
arterial gradient
of pO₂
2. Increased
perfusion of
lungs
3. Increased
Diffusion of
oxygen across
the resp.
membrane
VO₂ - index of
functional
capacity of the
individual to
sustain
exercise

51. During strenuous exercises ,it is the oxygen up
take of the muscles that does not keep up with
the oxygen demand (of muscles)– pulmonary
ventilation is usually adequate – usually more
than adequate.
IMPORTAN
T

52. NOTE:
• Amount of blood flow to the muscles increases
• Oxygen release from that blood is also increases
REST:
100 ml of arterial blood with 19.4 ml of oxygen= 5ml of oxygen to the
tissues
EXERCISE:
100ml of blood =15ml of oxygen to the tissues
Therefore Oxygen utilisation increases to about 80%

54. O₂ DEFICIT O ₂ DEBT
In the beginning of exercise,
O ₂ consumption < O ₂ demand
Therefore met by anerobic
pathway
After the exercise(severe), Amount
of excess oxygen consumed during
recovery phase.
Cause: Lactic Acid removal requires
oxygen

55.  During strenuous exercise, there is a 3-fold increase in O2 diffusion
from the alveoli to the blood because of a massive increase in blood
flow to the lungs & dilation of the capillaries surrounding the
alveoli.
5. Increased Lung Diffusion

57. 2. Increase lung capacity:
More expansion provides more efficient inhalation and expiration
Lung Expansion occurs to meet the demand
A greater quantity of air needed to move in and out
LC= VC+RV
Vital Capacity (VC) is
the maximal volume
of air that can be
expired after maximal
inspiration in one
breath
Mainly due to the
increased strength of
intercostal muscles .
INCREASED VITAL CAPACITY

58. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase in strength
Results in an improved ability to breathe in more air,
for longer with less fatigue .
Aerobic training tends to improve-- the endurance of
respiratory muscles
Anaerobic training tends to increase --the size and
strength of respiratory muscles
3. Increased strength of the respiratory
muscles :

59. More O2 More CO2BloodTissues Tissues Blood
Therefore, regular training leads to better transportation of
O2/CO2
Increase in oxygen diffusion rate
 Increase in the number and size of capillaries leads to more efficient diffusion:
4. Increased oxygen diffusion rate

60. Due to improved O2
delivery & utilisation, a
higher lactate threshold is
developed.
• Much higher exercise
intensities can therefore
be reached and LA and
H+ ion accumulation is
delayed.
• The athlete can work
harder for longer
5. INCREASED ANAEROBIC OR LACTATE THRESHOLD

62. BENEFITS OF
EXERCISE

64. REFERENCES
1. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Prof G. K. Pal
2. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Sembulingam
3. Textbook of Medical Physiology-A. P Krishna
4. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Guyton
5. Healthy & Active Lifestyles- Book
6. Physiologic responses and long-term adaptations to
exercise-Article
7. Effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system-Article