This document discusses the effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system. It begins with defining the cardiovascular system and its key components like the heart, arteries, veins, blood, and pulmonary and circulatory systems. It then explains how exercise affects aspects of the cardiovascular system like heart size, plasma volume, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen extraction, blood flow and distribution, and blood pressure. Finally, it provides examples of aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling that provide maximum cardiovascular benefits.

1. ‫الرحمي‬ ‫الرمحن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫سم‬‫ب‬
RAAED F. KHALEEL
Master Physiotherapy , College of Health and
Medical technology , Middle Technical
University -IRAQ

2. The Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular System

3. By the end of this presentation we should be able
to :
• Describe The cardiovascular system ( definition ,
anatomy, what is composed of and its function ).
• Explain what is the effect of exercises on cardiovascular
system .
• What types of exercises that effects on cardiovascular
system.

4. The cardiovascular system
• The cardiovascular system or the circulatory system ,
its an organic system that permits blood to circulate and
transport nutrients(such as amino acid ,electrolytes) ,
carbon dioxide ,oxygen, hormone and blood cell to and
from the cell in the body,and also to assist in fighting
disease, regulate body temperature and PH.
• The cardiovascular system consists of continuous linkage
of a pump , a high pressure distribution circuit , exchange
vessels and low pressure collection and return circuit .

5. The cardiovascular system is comprised of :-
1.the heart
2.the arterial system . It includes arteries,
veins, and capillaries.
3. blood
4.Pulmonary and circulatory system

6. • The heart
The Heart is a muscular pump, situated in the mid center of the
chest cavity.It is divided into two halves by a central partition
called the septum. Each half is then divided by valves into an
atrium and a ventricle.
The hollow chambers on the right side of the heart perform two
crucial function
1. receive blood returning from throughout the body.
2. Pump blood to the lungs from aeration through the
pulmonary circulation .

7. The arterial system
the left side of the heart performs two crucial function :-
1. Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs .
2. Pump blood into thick walled muscular aorta for
distribution throughout the body in the systemic circulation .
the arteries compose the high pressure tubing that propels oxygen rich blood
to the tissue .
There are three types of blood vessels:
1. arteries : which transport blood away from the heart;
2. Veins : which transport blood toward the heart;
3. Capillaries: which connect the arteries and veins, are the smallest of the blood vessels
and where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.

8. Blood
Red/White blood cells, platelets, plasma
Pulmonary circuits
Carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back
again.
Carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
and back again.
Systemic circuits

9. The Functions of Cardiovascular System
1. Transport oxygen and nutrition to different parts of the body and
remove waste like carbon dioxide from the body .
2. The body is affected by changes of temperature, so cardiovascular
system Control the body temperature regulating and keeping it in
an acceptable range
3. The cardiovascular system help the body to fight disease through
the blood cell (W.B.C., Antibodies ) and also platelets which help
the blood to clot in acute injuries and prevent the germs entering .
so its work as a protection to the body .

10. Cardiovascular system and the influence of
exercises on it
• The effects of exercise on cardiovascular system
can be determined it by :-
1. The effect on heart size,
2. The effect on plasma volume ,
3. The effect on stroke volume,
4. The effect on heart rate ,
5. The effect on cardiac output ,
6. The effect on oxygen extraction ,
7. The effect on blood flow and distribution ,
8. The effect on blood pressure .

11. Heart size
Aerobic exercises usually enlarges the heart by increasing left
ventricle cavity size and thickening of its walls .cardiac enlargement of
this type called eccentric hypertrophy.
Also Endurance training is associated with an increased cardiac
output and volume load on the left and right ventricles, causing the
endurance-trained heart to generate a mild to moderate dilatation
of the left ventricle combined with a mild to moderate increase in
left ventricular wall thickness.

12. Plasma volume
The volume of plasma will be increase up to20% occur with
in few training session . This adaptation enhances circulation
and thermoregulatory dynamics and facilitates oxygen during
exercise to deliver .
The plasma volume is rapidly increase with aerobic training
also contributes to training induced eccentric hypertrophy

13. Stroke volume
is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one
contraction. Although stroke volume can refer to either left or right
side of the heart, it is most associated with the left side. It is measured
in ml/beat and generally has a normal value of about 1 cc/kg. long
term aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which
frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. Reduced heart rate
prolongs ventricular diastole (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume,
and ultimately permitting more blood to be ejected.
At rest:
approximately 80 ml
During exercise:
up to 130 ml

14. • Heart rate
• its the speed of the heart beat measured by the number of contractions of the
heart per unit of time typically beats per minute (b /pm). The typical human
resting heart rates from 60–100 bpm for children at 10 years and older, and
adult (including seniors).
• Before exercise even begins heart rate increases in anticipation. This is known
as the anticipatory response. It is mediated through the releases of a
neurotransmitters called as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
• heart rate increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity until a maximum
heart rate is reached.

15. Cardiac output:
The amount of blood pumps by the heart per time through the
circulatory system. it also refers to the amount of blood pumped
out of the left ventricle that supplies blood to the muscles and
organs of the body.
Cardiac output is made up of two components, heart rate (HR)
and stroke volume (SV).
To measure cardiac output we can use this formula
Cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate
Cardiac output during exercise increases greatly owing to the
relatively high heart rates that are achieved during exercise.

16. Oxygen Extraction
at the resting conditions period the oxygen content of blood varies
from about 20ml of oxygen per 100ml of arterial blood to 14ml of
oxygen per 100ml of venous blood . The difference in oxygen content
of arterial and venous blood is known as a-vO2 difference.
When exercise intensity increase the a-vO2 difference increase also
and at maximal exertion the difference between arterial and venous
blood oxygen concentration can be three times that at a resting level.
aerobic training significantly increase the quantity of oxygen extracted
from atrial blood during exercise .

17. Blood flow and distribution
Aerobic training causes large increase in muscle blood flow during
maximal exercise owing to :
• Improvement in maximal cardiac output .
• Redistribution of blood from non active area that temporarily
compromise blood flow all out effort.
• with in the trained muscle tissue capillarization will increased .

18. Blood pressure
The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessel is refers to a
blood pressure. It is the force that keeps blood circulating and its
generated by the contractions of the left ventricle .
At rest, a typical systolic blood pressure in a healthy individual
ranges from 110-140mmHg and 60-90mmHg for diastolic blood
pressure.
During exercise systolic pressure, the pressure during contraction of
the heart can increase to over 200mmHg and levels as high as
250mmHg have been reported in highly trained, healthy athletes

19. Exercise that effect on cardiovascular system
Aerobic Training
• The basic principles of aerobic training are dependent on intensity,
duration, frequency, and specificity of the exercise.
• Intensity of exercise is defined as the intensity of the exercise
performed or the physiological response of the individual.
• Often intensity of exercise can be set at 80–85% of the maximum
HR determined on a baseline exercise tolerance test (ETT).
"Aerobic" means that oxygen is required to produce energy in
the body. this term is used to describe exercises that increase
cardiopulmonary capacity.

20. Duration of exercise is usually 20–30 minutes, excluding a 5- to 10-
minute warm-up and a similar cooling down period after exercising.
Frequency of training is defined as the number of exercise periods in a
given time, usually expressed in sessions per week.
Specificity of exercise refers to the types of activities that are performed.
This principle dictates that the types of activities and muscle groups targeted in
exercise should be based on the needs of the individual in vocational and
recreational activities.

21. Some of Aerobic Exercise that provide maximum
cardiovascular benefit include
• walking,
• jogging,
• swimming,
• bicycling.

22. References
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edition.2000.
2. William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch ,Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
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3. Ruth Hull, Greta Couldridge, Vicki Slegg, Anatomy and Physiology for Therapists and Healthcare
Professionals, 2009.
4. Grant Cooper, Nancy E. Essential Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2006.
5. www.cheetah-medical.com/content/introduction-stroke-volume
6. Target Heart Rates – AHA . Target Heart Rates. American Heart Association. 4 Apr 2014.
Retrieved 21 May 2014.
7. www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/cardiovascular-system-and-exercise.html
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hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes, Neth Heart J. 2008 Apr; 16(4): 129–133.

23. Thank You