Research and Development
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This document discusses research and development. It defines research as systematic investigation to establish or confirm facts, while development refers to growing, progressing, or improving something. Research and development comprise creative work to increase knowledge and develop new applications. The document then classifies research into three types: basic research which expands general knowledge; applied research which applies basic knowledge to solve problems; and experimental development which applies known facts and theory to solve particular problems through exploratory studies. Finally, the document discusses research methods, distinguishing quantitative methods which use numerical data and controls to measure phenomena, from qualitative methods which probe contexts deeply to obtain in-depth understandings of participant perspectives.
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Classification of research
This document classifies research methods into three categories: basic research, applied research, and action research. Basic research aims to develop and refine theory through discovery of concepts like motivation and reinforcement. Applied research seeks to solve practical problems using methods identified in basic research. Action research involves practitioners studying their own problems to guide decisions and actions. The document also distinguishes quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques to investigate observable phenomena while qualitative focuses on gathering data through stories to understand individual experiences. The key differences are that quantitative research uses numerical data, hypotheses, large samples and statistical analysis while qualitative uses non-numerical data, evolving research problems, smaller samples and categorizing patterns in narratives.
Research methods
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Business research methods
Research is defined as a systematic investigation to discover and establish facts. It involves collecting data through scientific methods to solve problems and gain knowledge. Research has key characteristics such as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, and verifiable. There are different types of research methods including descriptive, analytical, quantitative, and qualitative research. Research methodology refers to the systematic approach used to conduct research, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The goal of research is to add to the body of knowledge in a scientific field.
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Research methods refer to the tools and techniques used to undertake a research study, such as surveys, interviews, experiments, etc. Research methodology is the systematic approach and justification for using specific research methods. It ensures accurate and valid conclusions by clarifying the logic and reasons for choosing certain methods over others. Research methods are employed later in the research process to find solutions, while research methodology guides the initial process to determine the most appropriate methods.
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This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
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1. Research methodology is the systematic process of solving a research problem using scientific methods, while research methods refer to specific techniques for collecting and analyzing data.
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Research is not ‘neutral’, but reflects a range of the researcher’s personal interests, values, abilities, assumptions, aims and ambitions. In any proposed research, the mixtures of these elements will not only determine the subject of the research, but will influence researcher’s approach to it. It is important to consider in advance what approach the researcher to take with his research – and why. There are two main research concepts or philosophies or positions. Although, there can be overlap between the two – and both positions may be identifiable in any research project.
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Qualitative research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy
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This document discusses various aspects of business research methods. It covers topics like the features and objectives of research, theory building using induction and deduction, the research process, concept definition, variables, hypotheses, types of research, exploratory research and the process of problem definition. Exploratory research aims to discover new insights and ideas through literature reviews, case studies, pilot studies and focus group interviews. The goal is to better understand a problem before finalizing hypotheses.
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This document discusses several scientific research methods:
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- Micro-genetic research examines the process of learning over time through dense observations.
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- Mixed methods research integrates both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis to examine a phenomenon from multiple perspectives.
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Research and Development
- 1. 5/20/2014 1 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT MS-322 Lec # 16 Research & Development Research & DevelopmentResearch & Development Research Research is the systematic investigation into existing or new knowledge. It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of existing or previous work. Development The act or process of growing, progressing, or developing. In general it means expand, organize and improving something. While the Research and Experimental Development comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge to devise new application. Like The development of the software to create a computerized algebra program that incorporates an individualized mastery learning approach to teaching basic algebraic concepts.
- 2. 5/20/2014 2 Research & Development Cont...Research & Development Cont... Classification of research/ Components Research and Development is, in principle, generally define as being the sum of the following three exhaustive and mutually exclusive activities. Basic research: Work of a general nature intended to apply to a broad range of uses or to new knowledge about an area. • Universities and large corporations • New scientific discoveries like antibiotics Research & Development Cont...Research & Development Cont... Classification of research/ Components Applied research: Work involving basic knowledge for the solution of a problem. • Moving basic research towards new products like Dyson vacuum cleaner Experimental development: The application of known facts and theory to solve a particular problem through exploratory study. • Several prototypes may be developed • Design improvements occur Purpose of R & DPurpose of R & D • Development of effective products • Designed to meet educational needs • To improve educational systems • For betterment of distance education • Providing information to solve the problems
- 3. 5/20/2014 3 Research & Development Cont...Research & Development Cont... Research Methods Two general categories of methods currently being used in educational research • Quantitative • Qualitative The general purpose of a quantitative method is Collect and analyze data to explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest. It describe the current conditions and the Investigate relationships. Assumptions of the researcher • We live in a stable, uniform, and coherent world • We can measure, understand, and generalize about our world • Generally regarded as a positivistic perspective The characteristics including, • Numerical data • Use of formally stated hypotheses and procedures • Use of controls to minimize the effects of factors that could interfere with the outcome of the research • Large numbers of participating subjects • Use of pencil and paper tests, questionnaires, etc Research & Development Cont...Research & Development Cont... Research Methods A qualitative method is used to probe deeply into the research setting to obtain in-depth understandings about the way things are, why they are like that, and how participants perceive them. It allows the researcher to uncover subtle, less overt personal understandings . Assumptions of the researcher • All meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context • Different people and groups often have different perspectives and contexts, so there are many different meanings in the world • Generally regarded as a post-positivistic perspective Regarding its characteristics • Phenomena are examined as they exist in a natural context, and they are viewed from the participants’ perspectives • Data analysis is interpretative in nature • The researcher interacts extensively with the participants