The document outlines the steps in educational research which include planning, execution, and reporting. The planning stage involves selecting a research problem, reviewing literature, formulating objectives and hypotheses, and developing a methodology, work plan, and budget. Execution includes preparing instruments, determining sampling, collecting and analyzing data. Reporting comprises organizing the written report with chapters on theoretical framework, methods, results, conclusions, and implications.

1. Steps in Educational Research Undurthy Lakshmi Narayana Regional Institute of Education Bhopal, India Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

2. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal Steps in Educational Research Planning Execution Reporting

3. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal Steps in Planning Research Problem Literature review Objectives Methodology Work plan Budget Utilization of results Proposal

4. Questions to be asked What is the problem and why is it to be studied? What information is available? Why do we want to carry out research? What do we hope to achieve? What additional data we require to achieve our research objectives? How are we going to collect this information? Who will do what and when? What resources do we need to carry out study? What resources do we have? How will project be administered? How will utilization of results be ensured? How will we present our proposal to relevant authorities/funding agencies? Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

5. Steps to be taken Selection, analysis and statement of the research problem Literature review Formulation of research objectives Research Methodology Work plan Budget Plan for project administration and utilization of results Proposal summary Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

6. Elements in each step Research problem Problem identification Prioritizing problems Analysis justification Literature review Literature Research Other information Formulation of research objectives General and specific objectives Hypotheses Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

7. Elements in each step contd.. Research Methodology Variables Types of study Data collection techniques Sampling Plan for data collection Plan for data processing and analysis Ethical considerations Pre-test or pilot study Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

8. Elements in each step contd.. Work plan Human resources Time table Budget Material support and equipment Finance Plan for project administration and utilization of results Administration Monitoring Identification of potential users Proposal summary Briefing sessions Presentations Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

9. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal Selection and statement of Research Problem Literature review Formulation of research objectives What is the problem and why is it to be studied? What information is available? Why do we want to carry out research? What do we hope to achieve? Problem identification Prioritizing problems Analysis justification Literature Research Other information General and specific objectives Hypotheses

10. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal What additional data we require to achieve our research objectives? How are we going to collect this information? Research Methodology Variables Types of study Data collection techniques Sampling Plan for data collection Plan for data processing and analysis Ethical considerations Pre-test or pilot study Who will do what and when? Work plan Human resources Time table

11. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal What resources do we need to carry out study? What resources do we have? Budget Material support and equipment Finance How will project be administered? How will utilization of results be ensured? Plan for project administration and utilization of results Administration Monitoring Identification of potential users How will we present our proposal to relevant authorities/funding agencies? Proposal summary Briefing sessions Presentations

12. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal Steps in Execution Research Proposal Instrumentation sampling Data Screening Data Collection Data Analysis Spread Sheet Coding

13. Instrumentation Selection of Techniques Observation Interview Survey Preparation of Tools Questionnaires Rating scales checklists Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

14. Preparation of Tools Definition of variables Identification of behavioral indicators Preparation of blue print Preparation of items Try – out Item analysis Reliability Validity Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

15. Sampling Decide the population Arrive at different sampling frames Sources of data Target groups/Respondents Quantitative/Qualitative Define samples Sampling frames for different sources of data Decide sampling procedures Probability/Non-probability Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

16. Data Collection Modes Online Telephone In person Timing Duration Specific context occurrence Phasing In one shot Spacing Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

17. Coding Procedures of transformation of data Qualitative to Quantitative Quantitative to Qualitative Continuous to discrete Numerical expressions Ideas to Numbers Numbers to Ideas Assigning numbers to categorical variables Triangulation Symbolizing common ideas from different sources Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal

18. Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal Steps in Reporting Scheme of Chapters Theoretical Framework Gaps in Research & Theoretical Confusions Presentation of Modus Operandi Results Argumentation Conclusions Implications

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