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Learning Theories
This document discusses various learning theories including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism posits that learning is associated with stimuli and responses, and is influenced by reinforcement and punishment. Theories discussed include classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Thorndike and Skinner. Cognitivism holds that learning involves mental processes and is influenced by how information is perceived and organized. Constructivism views learning as an active process where learners construct new ideas based on their existing knowledge through hands-on experiences. The document explores applications of these theories to teaching and learning.
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Learning Theories
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- 2. 22 Learning objectives At the end of this session, the learner will able to Define learning Explore the perspectives of learning by psychologist Develop skills to analyze how the learning theories could be interacted in a classroom environment What methods could be adopted to improves learning through learning theories
- 3. 33 Definitions: Learningis: 1. “A persisting change in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment” 2. “The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” 3. “An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience”
- 4. 44 Learning Theory Q: How do people learn? A: Nobody really knows. But there are some theories: Behaviorism Cognitivism Humanism Constructivism Multiple Intelligences Brain-Based Learning
- 5. 55 What isbehaviorism? Learning is the result of an association between a stimulus and a response Learning are measured through changes in the individual behavior. Classical conditioning: Watson 1920 Pavlov 1927 Operant conditioning: Thorndike 1898 Skinner
- 6. 66 Classical conditioning- Watson According John B. Watson – 1920, learning is not inborn behavior, rather behaviors are learned from environment. He did an experiment with 6 months old boy little Albert. Based on his experiments he proved that fear and worries are learned by surroundings and not inherited.
- 7. 77 Little Albertexperiment This experiment led to the following progression of results: Introduction of a loud sound resulted in fear, a natural response. Introduction of a rat paired with the loud sound resulted in fear. Successive introductions of a rat resulted in fear. Here, learning is demonstrated.
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- 10. 1100 Pavlov –Conditioning theory
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- 12. 1122 Results: Thistheory discovered that the people or animals could learn to respond in a particular way if certain conditions exist.
- 13. 1133 Thorndike's “lawof effect” Law of effect means “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.”
- 14. 1144 Thorndike's “lawof effect” (S-R) Puzzle box experiments: A cat put in a puzzle box and food placed outside. Random movements of cat eventually opened the door & cat ate the food before being put back into box. Over a period of trials his movements became less random & eventually he was able to open the door immediately he was placed in the puzzle box Behavior that results in success or reward is more likely to be repeated than behavior that does not
- 15. 1155 Thorndike's “lawof effect”
- 16. 1166 Behaviorism Operant Conditioning - Skinner The response is made first, then reinforcement follows.
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- 18. 1188 How wouldyou apply positive and negative reinforcement in a classroom REINFORCEMENT (It increase the desired behavior) PUNISHMENT (It decreases the desired behavior) Positive Negative Positive Negative •Smile Providing free Scolding when •Nods marks for the they commits •Sounds of test or mistakes approval assignment Don’t do that •Give compliments •Praise with words or action Sending the students out of the class for breaking the rules
- 19. 1199 Albert Bandura Learning from observation or modeling
- 20. 2200 What isSocial Learning or modeling theory Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences Imitating the others action
- 21. 2211 How learningoccurs through Social learning theory It occurs under 4 condition: 1. Attention – the person must 1st pay attention to the model. 2. Retention – the observer must able to remember the behavior that has been observed. 3. Motor reproduction – ability to replicate the behavior that the model has just demonstrated 4. Motivation – re demonstration
- 22. 2222 Learning andteaching applications relative to Behaviorist theory in a classroom Learning applications Teaching applications Human beings learn through trial and error. Learning develops over time Positive and negative feedback influences learning Provide opportunity for problem Solving Provide adequate practice time, plan retest or repeat demonstrations both immediately and at later Intervals. Reward the learner for all correct behavior, praising positive behavior is better than punishing mistakes.
- 23. 2233 Cont… Learning is strengthened each time a positive response is received or a negative consequences is avoided Learning occurs through linking behavior with an associated response Continue praise and positive reinforcement throughout the teaching transaction Proceed from simple to complex, do mini closure, share your experience, create concept map etc. Learning remains until other learning interferes with original learned response Assess prior experience with subject, some unlearning may be needed before new learning can take place
- 24. 2244 Exercise Reflectabout some positive and negative reinforcement which could you received from your school teachers. Reflect and compare about your starting stage of learning occurred in diploma nursing and degree nursing Reflect on How you will analyze the learning response of the learners in a practice teaching?
- 25. 2255 What isCognivitism Learners construct new ideas based on previous knowledge and experiences. Cognitive learning takes when learner linking information that was formerly (assimilate) learned with the new information (accommodate) being learned.
- 26. 2266 Cognivitism Concernedwith thinking, perception, organisation & insight Learners actively involved in problem-solving, seeking out new information & drawing on past experiences to gain understanding
- 27. 2277 Cognitive LearningTheories are Gestalt theory Assimilation theory - David Ausubel
- 28. 2288 Gestalt theory– Kohler’s Experiment In this experiment, the chimpanzee named Grande was placed in an enclosure surrounded by wooden boxes. Initially, the animal jumped to reach the banana but was unsuccessful. Later, Grande dragged the boxes under the bananas and stacked the boxes on top of one another. Using the boxes as a step ladder, the animal got to the bananas. Interpretation: the chimp was processing the information around it, and then arriving at a solution.
- 29. 2299 Chica, Grande,Konsul, and Sultan
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- 31. 3311 The importanceof this theory in teaching are: Insightful learning occurs when the student analyzes the available information in relation to the problems and attempts to create an appropriate responses the solve the problem. Here, the students needs supervision, to ensure that the student does not omit an important aspect or suggest something which could be harmful, but the teacher is not controlling the student’s behavior.
- 32. 3322 Assimilation learningtheory Cognitive learning depends on the adaptation of previous & existing knowledge &/or experiences to form new insights. Ausubel (1978) sees that the way mentors select & present information is the key to effective learning. In his ‘assimilation theory of learning’ he states that the most meaning cognitive learning takes place as a result of interaction between new information the individual acquires & the specifically relevant cognitive structures s/he already possesses.
- 33. 3333 Responsibility ofteacher in CT: Ask the students regarding pre requisite knowledge before planning and teaching a lesson. Present organized lessons. Teacher should understand a student’s experience and stage of development and lessons developed are mentally appropriate. Students to be prepared for learning to assimilate and accommodate all information. Allow space for the students to share their experience.
- 34. 3344 Learning andteaching applications Learnriengla atpipvleic attoio ncognitTievaech itnhg eapoplricyation •Learning is based on a change in perception. •Perceptions are influenced by the senses. All learning cannot be observed, information must be internalized. Use multi sensory teaching strategies, adjust environment to minimize distractions.
- 35. Learning and teachingapplications relative to cognitive theory Learning application Teaching application •Perception are influenced by both internal and external variables •Personal characteristics have an impact on how a cue is perceived •Perceptions are selectively chosen to be focused on by the individual. 3355 Assess attitude toward learning Past experiences with similar situations Culture Maturity Developmental level and physical ability before designing teaching plan Identify learning style and target it in the teaching process, develop a flexible approach Focus learner on what is to be learned, provide support and guidance
- 36. 3366 Constructivism Itis an active process in which learners construct the concept or new ideas based on their current/ past knowledge.
- 37. 3377 Discovery learning The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypothesis and make decision. Encourage students to discover principles. Why is there a rainbow Because it just rained.
- 38. 3388 Constructivism ButI only see a rainbow when it is sunny You’re right, there must be sun So we need sun and rain for a rainbow!
- 39. 3399 I amgoing to buy 2 ice cream for my 2 friends. So total is 4. Miss shirt has 3 buttons and skirt has 3 lines, so total is 6
- 40. 4400 question comment i dc oe Opinion & idea
- 41. 4411 Application ofconstructivism hands on experiences of physical objects (manipulative learning of objects ) using models and pictures.( make mental images world by learn with brightly colored pictures ) Use symbol or numbers to teach
- 42. 4422 3. Humanistictheorist believe that: The student who is the one should determine what is to be learned, and that learning should relate to their own experiences.
- 43. 4433 3. Humanism (Rogers 1983,Knowles 1984) Rogers (1983) sees the purpose of education as individual growth, to enable the development of a fully functioning person. So focus on human values and concerns. Here the teacher should act as a facilitator , provider of resources for learning and shares feelings as well as knowledge with their students
- 44. 4444 How theteachers should approach the learners through humanistic theory? The most important factor in learning is the relationship that exists between facilitator & student. The relationship is based on few key factors: o Genuineness: the mentor should come over as a real person & be able to develop a normal relationship with the learner o Trust & acceptance: the mentor should see & accept the learner as an individual worthy of their care & respect o Empathetic understanding: the mentor should be able to see things from the learners perspective & act appropriately in response to this
- 45. 4455 ..cont.. oEncourage learners to set their own goals and work toward them oAvoid imposing own values and views on learner o Expose learners to new, necessary information oPose relevant questions to encourage learner to seek answers.
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- 47. 4477 Multiple intelligencetheory Howard Gardner -1983 All people born with 8 intelligence 1. verbal – linguistic (good in words and languages) 2. visual – spatial ( ability to visualize the mind’s eye) 3. kinesthetic – capacity to handle objects skillfully. 4. logical - mathematical
- 48. 4488 Multiple intelligencetheory 5. musical – sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones and music. 6. interpersonal – extrovert 7. intrapersonal – introvert, self reflective capacity. 8. naturalistic – nurturing and relating information to one’s natural surroundings.
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- 50. 5500 Brain basedlearning D. Souza (1980)
- 51. 5511 Application ofbrain based learning in classroom Creating a learning environment Incorporation of music Atmosphere consideration Temperature Light Water Taking a brain break “settling time” – brain need break in order to incorporate information learned and connect the neural networks. REM sleep
- 52. 5522 What happenswhen we learn?
- 53. The Atkinson-Shiffrin modelof memory Sensory inputs Short-term memory 5533 MS.DEBERAL,SEGI K.L A ‘temporary store’ which allows us to recall information we have just received Encoding A process in which we try to make sense of new information What we don’t understand is discarded Lon-term memory A store which allows us to recall information a long time after receiving it
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Editor's Notes
- #21 Imitation: Individuals adopt the modeled behavior more readily and completely if the person they are observing is admired by the observer We more readily model behavior if it results in outcomes we value or approve of