The document summarizes several theories of leadership, including:
- Great Man Theory, which believes that leaders are born with innate traits for leadership.
- Trait Theory, which identifies personality and social traits that distinguish leaders.
- Behavioral Theories, such as the Ohio State and Michigan Studies, which focus on specific leader behaviors.
- Contingency Theories like Fiedler's model that match leader styles to situational factors.
- Situational Theories like Hersey-Blanchard that prescribe different leader behaviors based on follower readiness.
leadership
,
the essence of leadership
,
leadership & management
,
importance of leadership
,
theories of leadership
,
behavioural theory
,
difference between managers & leaders
,
managerial grid
,
based on assumptions about people
,
trait theory
,
laissez –faire or free rein style
,
formal & informal leadership
,
leadership styles
,
participative or democratic style
,
autocratic or authoritarian style
,
based on authority retained
This presentation talks about the definition of a leader, difference between a manager and a leader, types of leadership, types of power of a leader, leadership theories-trait, behavioral-Ohio State University studies, University of Michigan Studies,Yukl Studies, Managerial Grid of Blake and Muoton, contingency-continuum of leadership behavior, contingency leadership model, path goal model, situational leadership, leadership member approach, normative decision model and Muczyk-Reimann Model
leadership
,
the essence of leadership
,
leadership & management
,
importance of leadership
,
theories of leadership
,
behavioural theory
,
difference between managers & leaders
,
managerial grid
,
based on assumptions about people
,
trait theory
,
laissez –faire or free rein style
,
formal & informal leadership
,
leadership styles
,
participative or democratic style
,
autocratic or authoritarian style
,
based on authority retained
This presentation talks about the definition of a leader, difference between a manager and a leader, types of leadership, types of power of a leader, leadership theories-trait, behavioral-Ohio State University studies, University of Michigan Studies,Yukl Studies, Managerial Grid of Blake and Muoton, contingency-continuum of leadership behavior, contingency leadership model, path goal model, situational leadership, leadership member approach, normative decision model and Muczyk-Reimann Model
Leadership theories are the explanations of how and why certain people become leaders. They focus on the traits and behaviors that people can adopt to increase their leadership capabilities. Some of the top traits that leaders say are vital to good leadership include: Strong ethics and high moral standards.
Over the centuries leadership has been a key subject of discussion about universal leadership. Numerous studies show not one leadership fits to all occasions. Each situation might perhaps require different type of leadership
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
leadership theories.pptx
1.
2. Overview of
Theories
•
•
•
Great Man Theory
Trait Theory
Behavioural Theories
-Ohio state Studies and Michigan Studies
-Managerial Grid
Contingency Theory :
- Fiedler’s Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory
-Cognitive Resource Theory
Situational Theory :
-Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory
-House’s Path Goal Theory
-Leader Participation Model
•
•
3. Great Man Theory
• The theory was proposed by Thomas Carlyle in 19th
Century.
• Great Man Theory of leadership was based on a
simple assumption that “Leaders are born, not made".
• This approach emphasized that a person is born with
or without the necessary traits of leaderships.
Early explanations of leadership studied the
“traits” of great leaders
“Great man” theories (Gandhi, Lincoln, Napoleon)
Belief that people were born with these traits and
only the great people possessed them
4. Great Man Theory
• Great Man approach actually emphasis “charismatic”
leadership. charisma being the Greek word for gift.
• No matter what group such a natural leader finds
himself in, he will always be recognized for what he
is.
• According to the great man theory of leadership,
leadership calls for certain qualities like commanding
personality, charm, courage ,intelligence,
persuasiveness and aggressiveness.
5. Criticism of the theory
It is clear that the Great Man theory has
no scientific basis and empirical validity.
The theory had an absurd belief that
some people become great and successful
leaders independent of their environment
situations.
The theory was completely rejected by
the modern leaders and theorist who
believed and proved that leaders are not
born but they can be made with proper
training and skills.
6. Trait Theory
• What characteristics or traits make a person a
leader?
• Great Man Theory: Individuals are born either
with or without the necessary traits for leadership
• Trait theories of leadership sought personality,
social, physical or intellectual traits that
differentiate leaders from non leaders
• Trait view has little analytical or predictive value
• Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz
1974)
7. 11–6
Trait Theories
Leadership Traits:
• Ambition and energy
• The desire to lead
• Honesty and
integrity
• Self-confidence
• Intelligence
• Job-relevant
knowledge
8. Trait Theory
The trait theory is based on the great man theory, but it is more
systematic in its analysis of leaders. Like the great man theory, this
theory assumes that the leader’s personal traits are the key to
leadership success.
Abilities
Supervising Ability
Intelligence
Initiative
Personal Traits
Self-Assurance
Decisiveness
Masculinity/Famininity
Maturity
Working Class Affinity
Motivators
Need for Occupational
Achievement
Self-actualization
Power Over Others
High Financial Reward
Job Security
Personality Traits
9. Traits of Leaders
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intelligence
Physical Features
Inner Motivation
Maturity
Vision & Foresight
Acceptance of Responsibility
Open-Minded and adaptability
Self-confidence
Human Relations Attitude
Fairness and Objectivity
10.
11. Trait Theories
Limitations:
• No universal traits that predict leadership in all
situations.
• Traits predict behavior better in “weak” than
“strong” situations.
• Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of
relationship of leadership and traits.
• Better predictor of the appearance of leadership
than distinguishing effective and ineffective
leaders.
12. Behavioural Theory
In contrast with trait theory, behavioural theory
attempts to describe leadership in terms of what leaders
do, while trait theory seeks to explain leadership on the
basis of what leaders are.
Leadership according to this approach is the result
of effective role behaviour.
Leadership is shown by a person’s acts more than
by his traits. This is an appropriate new research
strategy adopted by Michigan Researchers in the sense
that the emphasis on the traits is replaced by the
emphasis on leader behaviour (which could be
measured).
13. Behavioural Theory
Theories proposing that specific behaviors
differentiate leaders from non leaders.
• Pattern of actions used by different
individuals determines leadership potential
• Examples
– Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire
– Michigan Studies: Employee centered versus
task centered
14. Behavioural Theory
– Theories that attempt to isolate behaviors that
differentiate effective leaders from ineffective
leaders
– Behavioral studies focus on identifying critical
behavioral determinants of leadership that, in
turn, could be used to train people to become
leaders
15. Behavioual Leadership
Studies
• The Ohio State Studies sought to identify
independent dimensions of leader behavior
– Initiating structure
– Consideration
• The University of Michigan Studies sought to
identify the behavioral characteristics of leaders
related to performance effectiveness
– Employee oriented
– Production oriented
19. Leadership styles
A manager rated 9,1 possesses a high concern for
production but low concern for people and has an "authority-
obedience" style.
A manager with a 1,9, in contrast, possesses a low concern
for production but high concern for people and has a
"country club management style.“
A manager who rates 1,1 (on the grid's lower left quadrant)
possesses a low concern for both production and people and
has an "impoverished management" style.
A 9,9 rating designates a "team management" style and falls
in the grid's upper right quadrant.
A 5,5 rating falls in the center of the grid and designates an
"organization man management" style.
20. Contingency Theories
& situational Theories of
Leadership
Contingency Theories
– Fiedler Model
Cognitive Resource Theory
– Hersey and Blencherd’s Situational Theory
– Leader-member Exchange Theory
– Path-Goal Theory
– Leader Participation Model
21. Contingency Theories
While trait and behavior theories do help us
understand leadership, an important
component is missing: the environment in
which the leader exists.
Contingency Theory deals with this
additional aspect of leadership effectiveness
studies.
22. Fiedler Model
• The theory that effective groups depend upon a proper
match between a leader's style of interacting with
subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives
control and influence to the leader.
There are basically three steps in the model
•
1) Identifying Leadership Style
2) Defining the Situation
3) Matching leaders and situations
23. 1) Identifying Leadership Style
• Fiedler believes a key factor in leadership
success is the individual’s basic
leadership style
So he created the Least Prefer Co-worker
(LPC) Questionnaire
• LPC:-An instrument that tells to measure
whether a person is task or relationship
oriented
24. Cont…
If the low LPC score then the person is task oriented
If the high LPC score then the person is relationship
oriented
26. Scoring
• Your final score is the total of the numbers you
circled on the 18 scales
57 or less = Low LPC (task motivated)
58-63 = Middle LPC (socio-independent leaders,
self directed and not overly concerned with the
task or with how others view them)
64 or above = High LPC (motivated by
relationships)
27.
28. 2) Defining the Situation
• Fiedler identified three contingency dimensions that
define the key situational factors
1. Leader-member relations:
The degree of confidence, trust, and respect,
members have in the leader
2. Task structure:
The degree to which the job assignments are
procedurized
3. Position Power:
The degree of influence a leader has over power
variables such as hiring, firing, promotion etc.
•
29. 3) Matching leaders and
Situations
• After knowing the leadership style through LPC and
defining all the situations, we will chose the leader
who will fit for the situation.
Two ways in which to improve leader effectiveness
1) Change the leader to fit the situation
2) Change the situation to fit the leader
30. Cognitive Resource Theory
• A theory of leadership that states that
stress unfavorably effects the situation,
and intelligence, and experience can
the
lessen the influence of stress on
leader.
31. Cont…
A refinement of Fielder’s original model:
– Focuses on stress as the enemy of rationality and
creator of unfavorable conditions
– A leader’s intelligence and experience influence his or
her reaction to that stress
Stress Levels:
– Low Stress: Intellectual abilities are effective
– High Stress: Leader experiences are effective
Research is supporting the theory
32. Hersey & Blanchard’s
Situational
Leadership (SLT)
A model that focuses on follower “readiness”
– Followers can accept or reject the leader
– Effectiveness depends on the followers’ response to the
leader’s actions
– “Readiness” is the extent to which people have the
ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task
A paternal model:
– As the child matures, the adult releases more and more
control over the situation
– As the workers become more ready, the leader becomes
more laissez-faire
33. Cont….
•
•
Hersey and Blencherd identify four specific
leader behaviors
The most effective behavior depends on the
follower’s ability and motivation
1. If followers are unable and unwilling to do a task, the
leader needs to give specific and clear directions.
2. If followers are unable and willing,
The leader need to display a high task orientation.
3. If the followers are able and unwilling,
The leader needs to use a supportive and participative
style.
4. If followers are both able and willing,
The leader doesn't need to do much.
35. Leader-Member Exchange
(LMX) Theory
• Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and subordinates
with in-group status will have higher performances ratings,
less turnover, and greater satisfaction with their superior.
LMX Premise:
– Because of time pressures, leaders form a special
relationship with a small group of followers: the “in-
group”
– This in-group is trusted and gets more time and
attention from the leader (more “exchanges”)
– All other followers are in the “out-group” and get less
of the leader’s attention and tend to have formal
relationships with the leader (fewer “exchanges”)
– Leaders pick group members early in the relationship
37. House’s Path-Goal Theory
The Theory:
– Leaders provide followers with information,
support, and resources to help them achieve their
goals
– Leaders help clarify the “path” to the worker’s
goals
– Leaders can display multiple leadership types
• The theory that a leader’s behavior is acceptable to
subordinates insofar as they view it as a source of either
immediate or future satisfaction.
39. Cont…
Four types of leaders:
– Directive: focuses on the work to be done
– Supportive: focuses on the well-being of the worker
– Participative: consults with employees in decision-
making
– Achievement-Oriented: sets challenging goals
43. Yroom & Yetton’s Leader-
Participation
Model
• A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to
determine the form and amount of participative
decision making in different situations.
How a leader makes decisions is as important as what is
decided
Premise:
– Leader behaviors must adjust to reflect task structure
– “Normative” model: tells leaders how participative to be in
their decision-making of a decision tree.