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Historical Leadership theories
 1. Traits theories (1930s).
 2. Behavioral Theories (1940s & 1950s)
 3. Contingency theories (1960s & 1970s).
Traits Theories.

 According to great man leadership theories “effective
  leaders are born not made”.
 In traits research examined the
  physical(height),mental(intelligence),social
  (personality),characteristics of individual.
 Ralph stogdill in 1948s concluded that “existing
  research had not demonstrated the utility of traits
  approach”.
Behavioral Theories
 Behavior of effective leaders are different from the
  behavior of ineffective leaders.It is more important
  than the physical, mental and social traits.
Ohio state university
 Task oriented (planning, organizing, coordinating
  the work of subordinates).
 Consideration (supportive, recognizing subordinate’s
  accomplishments ,welfare).
University of Michigan
 . Employee oriented (focus on interpersonal
  relationship)
 Production oriented (focus on task and technical
  aspects of the job)
Leadership management Grid
 developed by Robert Blake and Jane mouton, combine
 the “concern for production” with “concern for people”.
Five alternative behavior styles




•Impoverished
management (1,1)
•Country club (1,9)
•Task manager (9,1)
•Middle of the road (5,5)
•Team management 9,9)
Contingency approach

This theory was introduce in 1960s and 1970s .
 1.fiedler’s contingency theory,
 2.path goal theory,
 3.vroom-yetton-jago decision making theory,
 4.situational leadership theory
fiddler's contingency theory
 Fiedler explore the idea that there was not just one
  ultimate style of leadership for a given situation
  but leader can vary their leadership style depend
  on the situation that face them.
 Fiedler research shows that task oriented leader
 were more effective in highly favorable situation
 and person oriented leader are more effective in
 moderately situation.
path goal theory
 Employee characteristics: These include factors
  such as employees’ needs, locus of control, experience,
  perceived ability, satisfaction, willingness to leave the
  organization, and anxiety.
 Characteristics of work environment: These
  include factors such as task structure and team
  dynamics that are outside the control of the employee
leadership behavior
 directive
 Supportive
 Participative
 achievement oriented leadership
Vroom-yetton-jago theory
 Primarily focus on degree of subordinate participation
  in different situation.
 Five type of decision making such as A1(strongly
  autocratic) ,A11,C1,C11 and G(strongly democratic).
Recent development theories
 1.Leader member exchange theory
 2.transformational theories,
 3.substitutes for leadership
Leader member exchange theory
 theories emphasize the dyadic(one-on-one)
  relationship between leader and subordinates instead
  of traits and behavior or situational characteristics.
Managers establish the
 IN-group(close relation with some)
 OUT- group(remaining aloof from others).
Transformational leadership
theories
 They focus to explain how leader can accomplish
 extraordinary things against the odds, such as turning
 around a failing company, founding a successful
 company, developing mutual trust , setting goal.
Transformational and transactional
             theory
 Transactional leadership    Transformational
 theory focus on role and     leadership theory focus
 task requirement and         on developing mutual
 utilize rewards              trust, foresting the
 contingent on                leadership ability to
 performance.                 others, and setting goals.
Substitutes for Leadership
            theory
 Characteristics of the task, subordinates, or the
  organization that replace the need for a leader.
 Subordinates
     Ability, job related
      knowledge, experience, training, independence, professional
      orientation
 Task
     Clarity and routine, repetitive tasks , feedback, intrinsic
      satisfaction
 Organization
     Formalization, flexibility, support, cohesiveness,rewads

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Leadership theories and studies

  • 1.
  • 2. Historical Leadership theories  1. Traits theories (1930s).  2. Behavioral Theories (1940s & 1950s)  3. Contingency theories (1960s & 1970s).
  • 3. Traits Theories.  According to great man leadership theories “effective leaders are born not made”.  In traits research examined the physical(height),mental(intelligence),social (personality),characteristics of individual.  Ralph stogdill in 1948s concluded that “existing research had not demonstrated the utility of traits approach”.
  • 4. Behavioral Theories  Behavior of effective leaders are different from the behavior of ineffective leaders.It is more important than the physical, mental and social traits.
  • 5. Ohio state university  Task oriented (planning, organizing, coordinating the work of subordinates).  Consideration (supportive, recognizing subordinate’s accomplishments ,welfare).
  • 6. University of Michigan  . Employee oriented (focus on interpersonal relationship)  Production oriented (focus on task and technical aspects of the job)
  • 7. Leadership management Grid  developed by Robert Blake and Jane mouton, combine the “concern for production” with “concern for people”.
  • 8. Five alternative behavior styles •Impoverished management (1,1) •Country club (1,9) •Task manager (9,1) •Middle of the road (5,5) •Team management 9,9)
  • 9. Contingency approach This theory was introduce in 1960s and 1970s . 1.fiedler’s contingency theory, 2.path goal theory, 3.vroom-yetton-jago decision making theory, 4.situational leadership theory
  • 10. fiddler's contingency theory  Fiedler explore the idea that there was not just one ultimate style of leadership for a given situation but leader can vary their leadership style depend on the situation that face them.  Fiedler research shows that task oriented leader were more effective in highly favorable situation and person oriented leader are more effective in moderately situation.
  • 11. path goal theory  Employee characteristics: These include factors such as employees’ needs, locus of control, experience, perceived ability, satisfaction, willingness to leave the organization, and anxiety.  Characteristics of work environment: These include factors such as task structure and team dynamics that are outside the control of the employee
  • 12. leadership behavior  directive  Supportive  Participative  achievement oriented leadership
  • 13. Vroom-yetton-jago theory  Primarily focus on degree of subordinate participation in different situation.  Five type of decision making such as A1(strongly autocratic) ,A11,C1,C11 and G(strongly democratic).
  • 14. Recent development theories  1.Leader member exchange theory  2.transformational theories,  3.substitutes for leadership
  • 15. Leader member exchange theory  theories emphasize the dyadic(one-on-one) relationship between leader and subordinates instead of traits and behavior or situational characteristics. Managers establish the  IN-group(close relation with some)  OUT- group(remaining aloof from others).
  • 16. Transformational leadership theories  They focus to explain how leader can accomplish extraordinary things against the odds, such as turning around a failing company, founding a successful company, developing mutual trust , setting goal.
  • 17. Transformational and transactional theory  Transactional leadership  Transformational theory focus on role and leadership theory focus task requirement and on developing mutual utilize rewards trust, foresting the contingent on leadership ability to performance. others, and setting goals.
  • 18. Substitutes for Leadership theory  Characteristics of the task, subordinates, or the organization that replace the need for a leader.  Subordinates  Ability, job related knowledge, experience, training, independence, professional orientation  Task  Clarity and routine, repetitive tasks , feedback, intrinsic satisfaction  Organization  Formalization, flexibility, support, cohesiveness,rewads