2. PERSONALITY
• Personality refers to a set of traits and behaviours
that characterize an individual.
• Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of
behaviour and consistent internal state and explains
a person’s behavioural tendencies.
• Personality refers to the sum total of internal and
external traits of an individual which are relatively
stable and which make the individual different from
others.
3. According to Hillgard :
Definition:
Personality is the combination of behavior,
emotion, motivation, and thought patterns
that define an individual.
4. Nature of Personality
Personality has both internal and external elements
External traits are the observable behaviours that we
notice in an individual’s personality (e.g. sociability)
Internal elements represent the thoughts, values and
genetic characteristics that we infer from the
observable behaviours.
• Individual’s personality is relatively stable.
If it changes, it is only after a very long time or because
of traumatic(shocking) events.
• Personality is both inherited as well as shaped by the
environment.
• Each individual is unique in behaviour.
5. Stages of Personality Development
First theory propounded by Sigmund Freud
First psychologist to believe that childhood events
might have a bearing on adult behaviour and
consciousness
Theorised four universal stages- Oral, Anal, Phallic
and Genital stage
7. Stages of Personality Development
Erik Erikson gave new dimension to development of
personality
More attention should be given to the social rather than
the sexual adaption of an individual
Social problems encountered in the course of
development were more important stages
Psychological crisis occurs within each of the stages
In order for the person to have a normal, fulfilling
personality each crisis should be optimally resolved
Crisis not a catastrophe(calamity), but a turning point in
an individual’s development
Theorised eight stages of personality development
8. Erikson’s eight stages of Personality
Development
1. INFANCY: (from birth to age 1 year)
Trust Vs Mistrust
E.g. mother and infant child. A child begins to learn ability
to trust and mistrust, lack of love and affection result in
mistrust. This has impact on child’s remaining life.
2. EARLY CHILDHOOD: (2-3 years)
Autonomy Vs Shame & Doubt
In the 2nd & 3rd year of life a child begins to maintain
independence. He/she develops autonomy, if the child
is allowed to control the aspects of life for which child is
capable of controlling. But if the child encounters
constant disapproval, child develops self-doubt &
shame. He is likely to develop.
9. 3. PLAY AGE: (4-5 years)
Initiative Vs Guilt
The child try to discover what they can do. If child is motivated
of experiment, he develops sense of initiative and if the child is
blocked and feel incapable, it results into lack of self confidence.
4. SCHOOL AGE: (6-11 years)
Industry Vs Inferiority
Child's becoming aware of their individuality. They see
accomplishments in school and sports and seek praise and
support from those around them. If teachers, caregivers, and
peers offer support and a sense of accomplishment, they feel
competent and productive. If they don’t receive positive
reinforcement for their accomplishments, they may feel inferior
or incompetent.
10. 5. ADOLESCENCE:( 12-18 years)
Identity Vs Role Confusion
The crisis of the teenage year. Here individual requires
to gain identity rather than become confused about
who you are. This is the age where individual trying
to separate socially from the parents. At this
moment, the qualities which are developed in the
initial years help a lot.
11. 6. YOUNG ADULTHOOD: (20-40 years)
Intimacy Vs Isolation
Individual explore relationships leading towards long
term commitment (i.e. Marriage) with someone
other than family members. If individual has
meaningful relationships with friends and family, he
experiences intimacy with others. If he struggles with
relationships, he may feel isolated and lonely.
12. 7. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: (40-65 years)
Generativity Vs Stagnation(stability):
When individuals feel a sense of care and
responsibility, it’s called generativity. They look out
for those around them and feel the need to pass
along what they have learned to younger
generations. But if they don’t act as a mentor in some
capacity, they may feel bitter and unhappy. This
leads to restlessness and isolation from your friends,
family, and society.
13. 8. LATE ADULTHOOD: (Old age)
Integrity Vs Despair
If individuals are satisfied with their life, they age
with grace. They often feel pride in what they have
accomplished and want to demonstrate their wisdom
to others.
If they don’t feel a sense of accomplishment when
they look back on their life, they may fall into
despair. When that happens, they tend to focus more
on regrets.
15. 1. Heredity
Heredity refers to those factors that are determined at
conception.
One’s physical characteristics such as height, weight,
colour of the eye, hair, sex, temperament, energy level
are generally considered to be either completely or
substantially influenced by heredity factor which is
transmitted from parents through genetic code.
Parents’ biological, psychological, physiological makeup
is transmitted at the time of conception.
The heredity approach that the ultimate explanation of
individual personality is the molecular structure of gene
which determine hormone balance.
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17. 2. Environment
A) Culture:
Culture has been define as the sum total of learned
behaviour traits, which are manifested and shared by the
member of the society.
Culture is based on socio economic classes, education
profession and Geographic regions.
One of the environmental influence on personality is that
of cultures within which a person has been brought up.
Individual born into a particular culture are exposed to
existing values, believes and norms of that culture
covering an acceptable form of behaviour.
Such cultures would also define the process by which
these behaviours are reinforced.
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19. USA
A spirit of independence,
aggressiveness and
competition is rewarded
by American
environment.
In America, authority in
organisation is more
functional which is the
result of cultural
influences.
Japan
Japanese culture
reinforces attitudes of
co-operation and team
spirit.
In Japanese culture,
managers take active
interest in personal lives
of their workers.
20. B) Family:
Family plays important part in the personality
development.
This influence depends upon the socio-economic
level of the family, family size, birth, gender, caste,
religion, parent’s educational level, geographical
location etc.
E.g. A person brought up in a poor family has
different experience and attitude towards life than
persons coming from rich or stable families.
21. Similarly being an old child exposes him to different
type of environment that being raised with seven
brother and sisters.
A substantial amount of empirical evidence indicates
that the home and family environment created by the
mother and father as well as their own behaviour is
highly influenced on personality development of the
child.
22. C) Social:
• Besides home and family members there are social
group outsides the home that affects the personality
of a person. These are school, friendship and other
work groups.
23. Social influences relate to a person’s interaction with
other people through out his life.
The interaction in the early years has been a more
lasting influence on patterns of behaviour and
personality.
The social contacts and group belonging in later year
continue to have considerable impact on the person’s
life.
In addition to family members, such factors as friends,
peers at work, associates, group to which an individual
belongs all influence a person’s personality.
24. Situational Factors
The behaviour of a person is determined not by how
that man is but by how is the situation in which he is
placed.
Each individual's life is unique in terms of events and
experience in that he goes through.
These events and experiences can serve as important
determinants of personality. some traumatic
experiences can sometime change the structure of the
entire personality.
27. The best way to remember the Big Five Personality Model
traits is to remember the acronym OCEAN: openness to
experience, conscientiousness, extroversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Openness to Experience
This trait is often referred to as the depth of someone’s
mental experiences, or imagination. It encompasses
someone’s desire to try new things, be open and think
creatively. People who score high in this area are generally
artistic and curious, while those who score low tend to be
conventional and stay in their comfort zones.
28. Conscientiousness
This trait measures a person’s reliability and dependability.
Someone who scores higher in this area is more goal-
oriented, tends to control impulses, and is usually very
organized. They are likely to see success in school and excel
as a leader. Those who score lower in this area are more
likely to be impulsive(active) and procrastinate on
assignments.
Extroversion
The extroversion trait indicates how social and talkative a
person may be. Those scoring high in extroversion are
generally more assertive, socially confident, and recharge
from interacting with people, while those who score lower
are more likely to seek solitude(loneliness) and
introspection( self-examination).
29. Agreeableness
Agreeableness shows how well someone can get along with
other people. People scoring high in this trait are usually well-
liked, sympathetic, and affectionate, and those who score
lower are perceived as blunt, rude, and sarcastic.
Neuroticism
The last OCEAN trait is also known as emotional stability. It
measures how well a person can control emotions like anxiety
and sadness. Scoring high in this area indicates that someone
may be prone to those emotions and may also have low self-
esteem. Those receiving a low score are probably more
confident and adventurous.
30. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
MBTI was developed by Cook Briggs and Isabel
Briggs Myers.
It was inspired from the theory of Carl Jung’s book
Psychological types.
The MBTI handbook was published in 1944.
31. Purpose of MBTI
There is extensive research that proves that
personality effects the behaviour in various
situations.
The big question is how to measure or assess
someone personality?
For this purpose, MBTI was developed as personality
assessment instrument.
It has 100 questions to assess someone personality
across various situations.
32. How it works
MBTI tool classify a person in four different
categories based on the answer given by them.
The categories are-
Extrovert or Introvert (E or I)
Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking or Feeling (T or F)
Judging or Perceiving (J or P)
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34. Based on permutation and combination of these
categories MBTI instrument develops 16 different
types of personality.
For e.g. INTJ were considered as visionaries.
ESTJ are organisers,
ENTP are conceptualisers
35. Implication & Limitation
The instrument got so popular and different
companies like Apple, 3M, GE, Citigroup, Tata
Motors etc.
In spite of its popularity it is not free from problems.
The major issue with this tool that it forces to classify
a person in one of the categories. However, a person
may lie in between as well.
There is no degree in category.
36. Final Conclusion
This tool can be used for self awareness but it should
not be used for selecting or rejecting job candidates.
38. Major Personality Attributes
1. Locus of control:
It is degree to which individual believe they are masters of
their own fate. Based on this attribute, people can be classified
as:
a) Internals- Individuals who believe that they are masters of
their own fate. They control what happens to them. They
generally perform better on the job. They are achievement
oriented and more satisfied with their work. They do well in
managerial jobs.
b) Externals- Individuals who believe that their fate is
controlled by outside forces. It can be chance or luck. They are
less satisfied with the job. They have higher absenteeism. They
are less involved in their job. They do well in routine jobs.
39. 2. Machiavellianism:
This trait aims to gain power and control over others. It is the
degree to which an individual is pragmatic(practical),
maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can
justify means. Its motto is : “if it works, use it”.
Here are the significant features of a high-mach individuals −
High-Machs prefer precise interactions rather than beating
about the bush.
High-Machs tend to improvise; they do not necessarily abide
by rules and regulations all the time.
High-Machs get distracted by emotional details that are
irrelevant to the outcome of a project.
40. 3. Self-esteem
It is the extent up to which people either like or
dislike themselves. Self-Esteem is directly related to
the expectations of success and on-the-job
satisfaction.
Individuals with high self-esteem think that they
have what it takes to succeed. So, they take more
challenges while selecting a job.
Low self-esteem individuals are concerned with
pleasing other people. They look for security.
41. 4. Self-monitoring
Self-monitoring is the capability of regulating one’s
behaviour according to social situations. Individuals
with high self-monitoring skill easily adjust their
behaviour according to external, situational factors.
Their impulsive talents allow them to present public
personae which are completely different from their
private personalities.
However, people with low self-monitoring skills cannot
cover themselves. Regardless of any situation, they are
always themselves. They have an attitude of, “what you
see is what you get.”
42. 5. Risk taking
Generally, managers are reluctant on taking risks.
However, individual risk-taking inclination affects
the bulk of information required by the managers
and how long it takes them to make decisions.
Thus, it is very important to recognize these
differences and align risk-taking propensity(trend)
with precise job demands that can make sense.
43. 6. Personality Type:
Type A personality- They are:
Always moving, walking, eating rapidly; have sense
of time urgency.
Feel impatient with rate of events; are competitive.
Try to do two or more things at once.
Avoid leisure time; are workholics devoted to work.
Are obsessed with numbers.
44. Type B personality- They are:
Lacking in sense of time urgency.
Tend to keep their achievements to themselves. They are
less competitive.
Play for fun and relaxation.
Can relax.
Type A individuals operate under stress, time pressure
and deadlines. They emphasize quantity over quality.
Type A individuals work long hours, make poor
decisions, and are less creative. Their behaviour is easier
to predict.
Type B individuals are more successful in organizations
and generally become boss in organizations.
