Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
There are many different means of investigating the landslide-prone areas. Two types of landslide hazard evaluation methods are available. One is the direct observation and the other one is the use of technological tools. One of the guiding principles of geology is that the past is the key to the future. In evaluating landslide hazards, the future slope failures could occur as a result of the same geologic, geomorphic, and hydrologic situations that led to past and present failures. Based on this assumption, it is possible to estimate the types, frequency of occurrence, extent, and consequences of slope failures that may occur in the future. A landslide susceptibility map goes beyond an inventory map and depicts areas that have the potential for landsliding.
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
There are many different means of investigating the landslide-prone areas. Two types of landslide hazard evaluation methods are available. One is the direct observation and the other one is the use of technological tools. One of the guiding principles of geology is that the past is the key to the future. In evaluating landslide hazards, the future slope failures could occur as a result of the same geologic, geomorphic, and hydrologic situations that led to past and present failures. Based on this assumption, it is possible to estimate the types, frequency of occurrence, extent, and consequences of slope failures that may occur in the future. A landslide susceptibility map goes beyond an inventory map and depicts areas that have the potential for landsliding.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the slope area prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released. Landslides should not be confused with mudflows, a form of mass wasting involving very to extremely rapid flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquefied by the addition of significant amounts of water to the source material.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the slope area prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released. Landslides should not be confused with mudflows, a form of mass wasting involving very to extremely rapid flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquefied by the addition of significant amounts of water to the source material.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
Presentation contains Detailed Introduction, types, classification, features, prevention & precaution, causes, effects, indications and Two case studies of Indian context.
Effective Oral and Multimodal Presentations Education Presentation in Yellow ...MaggelAnclote2
Volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth’s power. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world.
Landslide ,cause, impact as natural hazards and control.pptxSatyapriyaSahoo12
A landslide is a geological phenomenon where a mass of rock, earth, or debris moves downhill due to gravity. Landslides can occur on steep slopes, cliffs, and mountains, and can be triggered by a variety of factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like excavation or construction.
Landslides can take different forms depending on the type of material involved and the speed of movement. They can be slow-moving or rapid, and can travel short distances or cover vast areas. Some common types of landslides include rockfalls, debris flows, mudslides, and rockslides.
Landslides can have serious consequences for people and the environment. They can cause property damage, loss of life, and disrupt transportation and communication networks. In addition, landslides can alter the landscape, affect ecosystems, and create new hazards such as damming of rivers and formation of new lakes.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Landslides
A landslide is the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down a slope (Cruden, 1991). More specifically,
it is a catastrophic event where a block of earthen mass slides downhill which includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore,
coastal and onshore environments.
Causes of landslide:
The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or
more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but
important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time.
• Geological causes
➢ Weathered materials
➢ Jointed or fissured materials
➢ Adversely orientated discontinuities
➢ Material contrasts
➢ Rainfall and snow fall
➢ Earthquakes
➢ Working of machinery
• Morphological causes
➢ Slope angle
➢ Uplift
➢ Rebound
➢ Wave erosion
➢ Glacial erosion
➢ Erosion of lateral margins
➢ Slope loading
• Physical causes
➢ Intense rainfall
➢ Rapid snow melt
➢ Rapid drawdown
➢ Freeze-thaw
➢ Ground water changes
➢ Soil pore water pressure
➢ Surface runoff
• Anthropogenic causes
➢ Loading
➢ Drawdown
➢ Land use change
➢ Water management
➢ Mining
➢ Vibration
➢ Water leakage
➢ Deforestation
3. Landslide Classification Criteria
The Well known is Sharpe's classification (1938), made on type of movement and transporting agent.
According to Hansen (1984):
➢ Rate of movement: This ranges from very slow creep (millimeters/year) to extremely rapid
(meters/second).
➢ Type of material: Landslides are composed of bedrock, unconsolidated sediment and/or organic debris.
It can be mudslides, debris flows, rock falls, debris avalanches, debris slides, and earth flows.
➢ Nature of movement: The moving debris can slide, slump, flow or fall.
Description of Different Types of Landslides:
➢ Debris flow: Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud
flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus blocking bridges
and tributaries causing flooding along its path. Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they
are entirely different processes.
➢ Earth Flow: Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, which move
at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to 20 km/h. Though these
are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower moving and are covered with solid material carried along
by flow from within. The velocity of the earthflow is all dependent on how much water content is in the
flow itself: if there is more water content in the flow, the higher the velocity will be.
➢ Debris Avalanche: A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of
rocks soil and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation of
4. thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and
other debris. Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is much more rapid.
This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher water content and commonly steeper slopes.
➢ Falls: Falls are movements in which masses of rock or other material fall freely from cliff or steep slope
through the air, and may bounce and roll. Earthquakes commonly trigger this final type of movement.
➢ Topple: Topple is the end-over-end motion of rock down a slope. In this, mass rotates forward about
some pivot point. If a toppling mass pivots far enough, a fall may result.
➢ Debris torrent: is a rapidly moving slurry of soil, alluvium and large organic debris that occur in
response to intense storms and are commonly triggered by debris avalanches entering a channel from
adjacent hill slopes. As the debris avalanche moves down the channel, it becomes a debris torrent as it
scours the stream bank and bed.
➢ Creep: This is the gradual movement of slope materials down the slope.
➢ Rockslides: most common on steep slopes (roadcuts, valleys) velocities of 100+ miles per hour
5. ➢ Slumps: sliding of material along curved surface common in unconsolidated sediments, weaker rock
units
➢ Deep-Seated Landslide: Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located below the
maximum rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). These typically move
slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster.
➢ Shallow Landslide: Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle
or weathered bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include
debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single large blocks of
rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.
State of activity in landslides:
Distribution of Mass in landslides:
7. Effect of Landslides:
• Short term effect:
➢ Property Damage
➢ Human loss
➢ Affects all resources, such as power supply, water supply, hospital, school , and many other
things
• Long term effect:
➢ Loss of property value
➢ disruption of transportation route
➢ Loss of forest
➢ Water availability, and quality also affected
Minimizing the effects of Landslides:
➢ By geological mapping, detecting slope hazards and determining the likelihood of landslide occurrence,
geoscientists can assist engineers, developers, planners and building inspectors in avoiding high-risk
areas.
➢ Structures such as homes, schools, hospitals, power-lines, fire stations and roads can be safely located
away from potential landslide risk areas.
➢ Mapping of landslide vulnerability that can help with the development of emergency response scenarios.
➢ Engineering and geotechnical investigation that define the landslide hazard and risk at site specific
levels of investigation.
Stability of landslide:
➢ Covering the landslide with an impermeable membrane
➢ Directing surface water away from the landslide
➢ Draining ground water away from the landslide
➢ Minimizing surface irrigation. Slope stability is also increased when a retaining structure and/or the
weight of a soil/rock are placed at the toe of the landslide or when mass is removed from the top of the
slope.
Approaches for mitigation:
➢ Restricting development in Landslide prone area
➢ Codes for excavation, construction
➢ Protecting existing developments
➢ Monitoring and warning system
➢ Landslide insurance and compensation for losses
Mitigation measures-
➢ Prepare a landslide inventory map of the area which help to develop emergency scenario
➢ Implementation of regional hazard and risk assessment into land planning policies.
➢ Engineering and Geotechnical investigations that define the landslide hazard and risk at sites specific
levels.
8. ➢ Proper Drainage & Drainage correction- The most important triggering mechanism for movement is
water infiltrating into overburden during heavy rains and consequent increase in pore pressure within the
overburden. When this happens in steep slopes the safety factor of the slope material gets considerably
reduced causing it to move down. Hence the natural way of preventing this situation is by reducing
infiltration and allowing excess water to move without hindrance. As such the first step in mitigation is
drainage correction. In rural and urban areas, responsibility should be borne by local self Government,
the community and the family.
Our roles to prevent landslides:-
✓ Learn more about potential geologic hazards in your area.
✓ Consult an engineer or geoscientist for potentially hazardous locations.
✓ Avoid activities that result in the undercutting of steep banks, and avoid the construction of buildings
near the top or base of steep slopes. Do not place fill on steep slopes.
✓ Do not undercut steep banks, develop near the top or base of steep slopes, or place fill on steep slope,
without expert geotechnical advice.
✓ Do not stand or seek cover below or near coastal cliffs or overhangs and be aware of potential dangers
they represent. Take notice of signs giving warning of loose rocks and debris.
✓ Do not dig into sand cliffs or dig deep hole in sand that may bury you if a cave-in happens.
Things to do if a home is suspected as being at risk for Landslide Danger:
▪ Get a ground assessment of your property.
▪ Minimize home hazards
▪ Plant ground cover on slope and build retaining walls.
▪ In mudflow areas, build channels or deflection walls to direct the flow around buildings.
▪ Learn to recognize the landslide warning signs
▪ Make evacuation plans
▪ Develop an emergency communication plan in case family member get separated.
Action to be considered after a landslide:
• Avoid the landslide area as much as possible. There may be a danger of additional slides
• Check for injured or trapped persons near the slide area.
• Survival is more likely to occur near the slide periphery.
• Provide first aid to injured persons and activate emergency medical services if necessary.
• Report the event to your local fire, police, or public works department.
• Inform and assist affected neighbors, especially those who may require special assistance such as
infants, the elderly, or person with disabilities.
• Listen to a radio or television for the latest emergency information.
• Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.
• Support the local government
9. Referrences:
● Landslide (Mudslide) Saftey. Washington D.C.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003.
● Matthews, William H. “Landslides.” Encyclopedia Americana. Deluxe Library ed. 1990.
● Spilsbury, Louise & Richard. Landslides and Avalanches in Action. New York, NY: Rosen Central,
2009.
● http://www.ussartf.org/landslides.htm
● http://landslides.usgs.gov/research/other/centralamerica.php