The document discusses the formation and characteristics of cyclones, including extratropical, subtropical, and tropical types, as well as the processes of cyclogenesis and the associated meteorological phenomena. It highlights key features of cyclones such as the eye, eye wall, and rain bands, and explains their life cycles, impacts, and transitions among different cyclone types. Additionally, it touches on the effects of tropical cyclones on populations and the environment, citing Cyclone Nargis as a significant historical example of cyclonic devastation.

2. MEMBERS
HARSHRAJPUT
CHIRAGJAIN
SIDDHANT GUPTA
ASHISHAGGARWAL
AKASHSHARMA
ROHITBATRA
AYUSH SHARMA

3. I would like to thank my Social studies
teacher Sunita Mam and my group
members for helping me in making this
presentation. My group members helped
me in editing of this presentation. My
parents helped me in formatting the
matter of the presentation. I collected
the information from the internet and
from some books.My other gratitude I
would like to convey to my school who
suggest me to make this and to have

6. CYCLOGENESI
SCyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone
formation and intensification. Extra tropical cyclones
form as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-
latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic
zones.

7. Baroclinic zones contract to form weather fronts as the cyclonic
circulation closes andintensifies. Later in theirlife cycle, cyclones
occlude as coldcore systems. A cyclone's track is guidedover the
course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the cancer
or subtropical jet stream. Weather fronts separate two masses of
air of different densities andare associatedwith the most
prominent meteorological phenomena.
LIFE CYCLE OF CYCLONE

8. Air massesseparated by a front may differin temperatureor humidity. Strongcold
frontstypicallyfeaturenarrowbandsof thunderstorms and severeweather, and may on
occasionbe precededby squalllinesor dry lines. Theyformwest of thecirculationcenter
and generally movefromwest to east.Warmfrontsformeast of thecyclonecenterand
are usuallyprecededby stratiformprecipitationand fog. Theymove polewardaheadof
the cyclone path. Occluded frontsformlate in thecyclonelife cycle nearthe centerof the
cycloneand oftenwraparoundthe stormcenter. Tropical cyclogenesisdescribesthe
processof developmentof tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclonesformdue to latentheat
drivenby significant thunderstormactivity, and arewarmcore. Cyclonescantransition
betweenextratropical, subtropical, and tropicalphasesunderthe rightconditions.
Mesocyclonesformas warmcore cyclonesover land, and canleadto tornado formation.
Waterspoutscanalsoformfrommesocyclones, but moreoftendevelopfrom
environmentsof highinstabilityandlowverticalwindshear.

9. The main features of a cyclone are: the
eye, the eye wall and rain bands. The eye is
situated at the very centre of a cyclone and
is a region of mostly calm weather.
Surrounding this is the eye wall, a ring of
towering thunderstorms where the most
severe weather occurs. Rain bands are
compact regions of vertical air movement,
which spiral into the centre of the cyclone.

10. There are a number of structural characteristics common
to all cyclones. A cyclone is a low-pressure area. A
cyclone's center (often known in a mature tropical cyclone
as the eye), is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure in
the region. Near the center, the pressure gradient
force(from the pressure in the center of the cyclone
compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the
force from the Coriolis effect must be in an approximate
balance, or the cyclone would collapse on itself as a result
of the difference in pressure. Because of the Coriolis
effect, the wind flow around a large cyclone is
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise
in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclonic circulation is
sometimes referred to ascontra solem. In the Northern
Hemisphere, the fastest winds relative to the surface of
the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a
northward-moving cyclone and on the northern side of a
westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern

11. In the Atlantic and the northeastern
Pacific oceans, a tropical cyclone is
generally referred to as a
hurricane(from the name of the
ancient Central American deity of
wind, Huracan), in the Indian and
south Pacific oceans it is called a

12. The initial extra
tropical low-pressure
area forms at the
location of the red
dot on the image. It
is usually
perpendicular to the
leaf-like cloud
formation seen on
satellite during the

13. Tropical cyclones form when the energy
released by the condensation of moisture
in rising air causes a positive feedback
loop over warm ocean waters.
Cyclones are made from a simple
thunderstorm, with full cooperation from
both the ocean and the atmosphere. The
water in the ocean must be warmer than
26.5 degrees Celsius. The moisture and
the heat from this hot water is the
ultimate source for cyclones.

14. Anextratropicalcycloneis a synoptic scalelow-pressure weather system that does not have tropical
characteristics, being connectedwithfrontsand horizontal gradients in temperature anddew point
otherwise knownas "baroclinic zones". Thesesystemsmay alsobe describedas "mid-latitude cyclones"
due to their area of formation, or "post-tropical cyclones"where extratropical transitionhas occurred,
andare oftendescribedas" depressions"or "lows" by weather forecasters andthe generalpublic.
Theseare the everyday phenomena which alongwith anti-cyclones, drive the weather over much of the
Earth.

15. Althoughextratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they
formalong zones of temperature and dew pointgradient withinthe wester lies, they
can sometimes become barotropiclate in their life cycle whenthe temperature
distributionaround the cyclone becomes fairly uniformwithradius. An
extratropical cyclone can transformintoa subtropical storm, and fromthere intoa
tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warmwaters and develops central convection,
whichwarms its core. One intensetype of extratropical cyclone that strikes during
wintertime is anor'easter.

16. A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some
characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an
extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the
50th parallel. As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were unclear
whether they should be characterized as tropical cyclones or
extratropical cyclones, and used terms such as quasi-tropical and semi-
tropical to describe the cyclone hybrids. By 1972, the National
Hurricane Center officially recognized this cyclone category.
Subtropical cyclones began to receive names off the official tropical
cyclone list in the Atlantic Basin in 2002. They have broad wind
patterns with maximum sustained winds located farther from the
center than typical tropical cyclones, and exist in areas of weak to
moderate temperature gradient. Since they form from initially
extratropical cyclones which have colder temperatures aloft than
normally found in the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required
for their formation are lower than the tropical cyclone threshold by
three degrees Celsius, or five degrees Fahrenheit, lying around 23
degrees Celsius.`
SUBTROPICAL CYCLONE

17. The following types of cyclones are not identifiable in
synoptic charts.
Mesocyclone
A Mesocyclone is a vortex of air, 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi)
to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter (the mesoscale of
meteorology), within a convective storm. Air rises and
rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction
as low-pressure systems in both northern and southern
hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is,
associated with a localized low-pressure region within a
super cell. Such storms can feature strong surface winds
and severe hail. Mesocyclones often occur together with
updrafts in super cells, where tornadoes may form. About

18. A tornado is a violently
rotating column of air
that is in contact with
both the surface of the
earth and a cumulonimbus
cloud or, in rare cases,
the base of a cumulus
cloud. Also referred to as
twisters, a colloquial term
in America, or cyclones,
although the word cyclone
is used in meteorology, in
a wider sense, to name
Tornado

19. A dust devil is a strong,
well-formed, and
relatively long-lived
whirlwind, ranging from
small (half a metre wide
and a few metres tall) to
large (more than 10
metres wide and more
than 1000 metres tall).
The primary vertical
motion is upward. Dust
devils are usually
harmless, but can on rare
Dust Devil

20. A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over
water that is, in its most common form, a water
that is connected to a cumuliform cloud. While it
is often weaker than most of its land
counterparts, stronger versions spawned by
mesocyclones do occur.
Steam devil
A gentle vortex over calm water or wet landmade
visible by rising water vapour.
Water Spout

21. Cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential
rain, they are also able to produce high waves and damaging
storm surge. They develop over large bodies of warm water,
and lose their strength if they move over land. This is the
reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a
tropical cyclone, while inland regions are relatively safe from
receiving strong winds. Heavy rains, however, can produce
significant flooding inland, and storm surges can produce
extensive coastal flooding up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
the coastline. Although their effects on human populations can
be devastating, tropical cyclones can also relieve drought
conditions. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain
equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere.

24. Cyclone Nargis is the deadliest tropical stormin the
recorded history of Burma (Myanmar). It devastated many
areas in Burma, as well as some areas in Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and India.
NARGIS

25. Cyclone Nargis caused catastrophic destruction to the Burmese
landscape. Thousands of buildings have been flattened, power
lines downed, trees uprooted, roads blocked and water supplies
disrupted.
IMPACT ON
LANDSCAPES

26. It was extremely hard for the emergency responses to help the
people in Burma because the government would not let anyone
into the country. Even when they eventually did gain entry into
the country, the government insisted on distributing aids by
themselves.
EMERGENCY
RESPONSES