Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
River bank erosion, its migration, causesNazim Naeem
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Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Flood Risk ManagementAmitSaha123
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Introduction to catastrophic disaster flood. Its impact on environment and human lives. GIS and Remote Sensing based solutions that can provide key approaches to mitigate flood related hazard as well as vulnerablities.
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basinsUjjavalPatel16
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Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
River bank erosion, its migration, causesNazim Naeem
Â
Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Flood Risk ManagementAmitSaha123
Â
Introduction to catastrophic disaster flood. Its impact on environment and human lives. GIS and Remote Sensing based solutions that can provide key approaches to mitigate flood related hazard as well as vulnerablities.
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basinsUjjavalPatel16
Â
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Erosion of soil is a very common phenomenon. Since the natural growth rate of soil is very slow, it is required to prevent erosion of soil artificially. Erosion control is also necessary to give stability to the other structures against landslide, etc., and it is also finds its requirement in saving the plnats and soil formation agains failure during rain or due to gravity or due to many other reasons.
It has been a little effort to present Type of errosions and their preventive measures.
Message: This is made to be presented in Seminar, as a part of my B. Tech. in Civil Engineering Coarse.
THIS PRESENTATION IS ON SOIL EROSION WHICH INCLUDES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ABOUT SOIL EROSION, CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION,EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION AND SOLUTIONS FOR PREVENTING SOIL EROSION
What is Erosion?
Human Causes of Erosion
Natural Causes of Erosion
What are the Causes of Soil Erosion?
What are the Effects of Soil Erosion?
Soil Erosion Prevention Methods
Soil erosion-History, distribution, identification, forms, impact of soil ero...Annappa N N
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1. History of soil erosion
2. Distribution
3. Identification and description of soil erosion problems in India
4. Forms of soil erosion
5. Impact of soil erosion on-site and off-site effects
6. Strategies for erosion control and conservation
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. Assignment on “Land Subsidence”
Submitted by
Md. Asif Hasan
Roll: SH-037
Date: September 1, 2019
2. Land Subsidence
Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking or is the downward movement of the Earth’s surface due to
movement of earth materials.
Processes of Subsidence:
• Compression/Compaction: Compression is the change in soil volume produced by the application of a
static external load. Compaction is produced artificially by momentary load application such as rolling,
tamping, or vibration (USDI 1974)
• Consolidation: The gradual, slow compression ofa cohesivesoil due to weight acting on it, which occurs
as water, or water and air, are driven out of the voids in the soil (Scott 198 1)
• Shrinkage: The change in soil volume produced by capillary stress during drying of the soil (USDI 1974)
• Oxidation: The process by which organic carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and lost to the atmosphere
(Young 1980).
Causes of Land Subsidence:
Natural Causes of Subsidence:
âś“ Cohesive soils shrinking and swelling: Cohesive soils such as clay and silt are particularly likely to
cause subsidence, since they shrink and swell depending on their moisture content. This means that the
weather can have an enormous impact on their composition. Clay soil is found extensively across
England and Wales, so this is a problem that will affect lots of people.
âś“ Non-cohesive soils being washed away: Non-cohesive soils, like sand and gravel, are less susceptible to
shrinkage and growth, but they are more susceptible to being washed away by water flow (such as when
a water pipe is damaged).Our UK subsidence map to shows which areas of the country are most affected
by subsidence.
✓ Movement of varying soil structures: If there are different soil structures underneath a building’s
foundations, then their movement can result in subsidence.
âś“ Soil decomposition: Some natural soils, such as peat, can decompose and cause ground movement.
3. âś“ Trees and other vegetation: As much as that nearby tree or bush adds to the charm of where you live or
work, there is the possibility that it could be causing subsidence to occur. Vegetation near the
foundations can be a cause because roots suck moisture from the soil, causing it to shrink. This is more
of a risk during long periods of dry weather as thirsty plants push their roots through building
foundations in search of water. Oak, willow and poplar trees all absorb a lot of moisture from the soil.
Man-Made Causes of Subsidence:
âś“ Damaged drains: Water escaping from damaged drains can sometimes soften, or even wash away the
ground beneath the foundations, resulting in ground movement and, therefore, building movement. This
issue usually affects sandy or gravelly soil.
âś“ Historic mine shafts: Mines are another cause of subsidence. Areas where there was heavy coal mining
will have several open areas underneath the ground, which can lead to subsidence.
âś“ Nearby traffic: If a building is near to an area of heavy traffic, the resulting extended vibration can cause
soil to move
âś“ Improper ground preparation.
Effect of Land Subsidence:
Some serious effects of land subsidence include loss of levee freeboard and subsequent reduction in flood
protection, change of gradient along water conveyance canals, damage to roads and bridges, and collapse of water
well casings. Understanding and detecting land subsidence in very early stages is important to prevent these types
of structural damage.
Factors Influencing Land Subsidence: The factors that influence the rate and degree of subsidence are
the following (Segeren and Smits 1980):
âś“ Clay content: The water content in sediments is linearly related to their clay content; hence clayey
sediments lose more water than sandy sediments. As a consequence, clay soils will subside more
âś“ Depth of the layer in the profile: The loss of water in the different soil layers decreases with depth. The
number of roots and their water uptake similarly decrease with depth. Beside this, deeper layers are closer
to the water table and will thus be kept moist by capillary rise. So the subsidence caused by the shrinkage
of the different soil layers at a given clay content decreases with depth
âś“ The thickness of compressible layers: The greater the thickness of the compressible layers, the greater
will be the subsidence
âś“ Organic matter content: The water content depends to some extent on the organic matter content. Mineral
soils containing high contents of organic matter show greater degrees of subsidence. The oxidation of the organic matter
not only results in the loss of the organic matter, but also in the loss of the water associated with it
âś“ Type of crop: As different crops are characterized by different evapotranspiration rates, their influence
on subsidence also differs. The difference may be due to the depth of the rooting system; compare, for
instance, alfalfa with its deep rooting system and grass with its shallow rooting system. The length of the
growing period is another important factor: spring-sown cereals harvested in midsummer have a lower
total evapotranspiration than perennial crops like grass or alfalfa;
âś“ Density of the soil: Sediments with different pore volumes (and different water contents) show different
water losses and hence different degrees of subsidence. Seaand lake-bottom soils have a lower density
4. than sea-shore deposits exposed at each low tide. During the formation of such sea-shore deposits,
shrinkage already occurs and thus also subsidence
âś“ Field drainage conditions: Under poor drainage conditions, which often prevail in the first years after
reclamation, the shrinkage may be limited because the water table is still high and consequently the
capillary stresses are low. Thus, under these conditions, the rate of subsidence will be less than in well-
drained soils;
âś“ Climatic conditions: The drier the climate, the more water will be lost, and hence the greater will be the
subsidence;
âś“ Time: Subsidence, both that caused by consolidation and that by shrinkage, is a function of time. As
shrinkage is caused by the physical ripening of the soil, the rate of subsidence will decrease with time.
Measures to take to control land subsidence
• Control of ground water extraction, in urban, industrial and rural areas. Regulations that stop ground
water extractions need to be combined with management of demand and enhanced surface water use
which requires integrated water resources management and planning
• Implementation of environmentally-friendly development
• Control over peatland canalization
• The development of a roadmap for the regional and national levels to anticipate and mitigate land
subsidence in an integrated and consistent way