This document discusses knowledge representation and artificial intelligence. It describes how knowledge can be captured in atomic units and represented in a knowledge base that allows for inference of new facts. Examples of representing travel directions, family relationships, and employment status are provided. The structure of a knowledge base that contains facts and rules to seek new knowledge through queries is described. The document also discusses representing domain knowledge through semantic networks and ontologies that organize concepts in a hierarchy from abstract to specific.

1. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 1
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Knowledge StructureKnowledge Structure
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Version 2.oVersion 2.o

2. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 2
Nature of Knowledge
Human knowledge is encoded in internal
neurological structures, which is usually
inaccessible.
When externalized, knowledge becomes
embedded in language.
With the ambiguities associated with natural
language, such knowledge becomes
inaccessible to machines

3. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 3
Knowledge
Using such phrase structures, it is
possible to capture knowledge in small
atomic units.
Such atomic units can hold various
types of knowledge e.g. declarative,
procedural etc.
It is possible to operate on these units to
deduce new knowledge from given facts

4. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 4
Some examples
1- Travel directions
 Atomic units (given facts)
 Deane Rd connects Uni to Sesame Rd
 Sesame Rd is west of Uni
 Sesame Rd connects Deane Rd to Derby St.
 Railway station is on Derby St.
 Railway station is east of Uni
 Derby st. connects Uni to Long Rd.
 Query: how to get from Uni to Railway Stn.

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Some examples
2- Family relations
 Atomic units (given facts)
 Ahmad is married to Sarah
 Sarah is the mother of Sam
 Sam is the brother of Mariam
 Query: is Ahmad the father of Mariam.

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Some examples
3- Employment
 Atomic units (given facts)
 John works for Big Company
 John’s contract will end in April
 Big Company has been awarded a new project
 Query: Will John be working for Big Company during
May.

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Knowledge Base Structure
Knowledge Units
KB of facts and rules
Inference Engine
World
Seek new
knowledge
Query
Answer

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Domain Model
How the real world domain is described
Ontology: to capture the conceptual structure that
underpins the real-world domain
Domain Instances: the real-world objects, subjects
and relations that make up the domain

9. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 9
Domain Model
 One simple DC circuit consists of a voltage source
(battery or voltaic cell) connected to a resistor
1. DC circuit has voltage source as its component.
2. Battery and voltaic cell are voltage sources.
3. Battery and voltaic cell have similarity.
4. Voltage source can be connected to resistor.
5. DC circuit has resistor as its component.
6. As they all are satisfying the properties of a circuit,
DC circuit is a type of circuit.

10. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 10
Semantic Net

11. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 11
Ontology
After developing the semantic net, we need to make a
hierarchy of the concepts
The top level of the hierarchy is the domain itself-

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Ontology
Next, we need to place something more conceptual
that comes straight from human mind when he thinks
about this domain. The most conceptual level.

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Ontology
Next, find out more concepts and relate them
This level is much more less conceptual, more
elaborative

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Ontology
So, now you can see that the more you go, the more
concepts are there and they are less conceptual (easy
to understand)
In the end, you will only find the instances (names,
numbers… no concepts, only instances). And we will
find the semantic net we developed at first.

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References
Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org
“Development of a Conceptual Structure for a
Domain-specific Corpus” by Rushdi Shams and Adel
Elsayed, 3rd
International Conference on Concept
Maps (CMC 2008), Finland and Estonia, 2008

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Acknowledgement
Dr. Adel Elsayed
Research Leader, M3C Lab, University of Bolton, UK
Weiqiang Wei
PhD Student, University of Bolton, UK