The documents discuss the Kingdom Eubacteria, which contains unicellular prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission. Eubacteria are classified by their gram staining and include four major phyla: Cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic; Spirochetes, which have a spiral shape and can cause diseases; and Gram-positive bacteria, which differ from Gram-negative bacteria in their cell wall composition and antibiotic susceptibility. The documents explore the structural features and functions of Eubacteria as well as methods for identifying and classifying them.

2. Kingdom Eubacteria

3. Kingdom Eubacteria

4. Kingdom Eubacteria
Salmonella(above) is a type of
enteric bacteria in the Phylum
Proteobacteria

6. What in tarnation is
Eubacteria?

7. What in tarnation is
Eubacteria?
• The Kingdom Eubacteria contains
unicellular prokaryotes
• Eubacteria reproduce by binary
fission which means they divide in
half
• The majority of bacteria that
affects human life are Eubacteria
• All eubacteria contain DNA,
cytoplasm, flagella, pilus, ribosomes
a cell wall and a plasma membrane.

8. What in tarnation is
Eubacteria?
• The Kingdom Eubacteria contains
unicellular prokaryotes
• Eubacteria reproduce by binary
fission which means they divide in
half
• The majority of bacteria that
affects human life are Eubacteria
• All eubacteria contain DNA,
cytoplasm, flagella, pilus, ribosomes
a cell wall and a plasma membrane.

9. Structural function of
Bacteria

10. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape

11. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics

12. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration

13. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm

14. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information

15. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information
• Plasmids contain genes that have been acquired by genetic recombination

16. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information
• Plasmids contain genes that have been acquired by genetic recombination
• The capsule protects the cell

17. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information
• Plasmids contain genes that have been acquired by genetic recombination
• The capsule protects the cell
• Endospores defends the cell against extreme environments

18. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information
• Plasmids contain genes that have been acquired by genetic recombination
• The capsule protects the cell
• Endospores defends the cell against extreme environments
• Pilus or pili allows the bacteria cell to attach to objects which assists with
genetic recombination

19. Structural function of
Bacteria
• The cell wall protects the bacteria cell and gives it its specific shape
• Outer Membrane’s are only found in Gram-negative cells, it protects the cell
against some antibiotics
• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains
important enzymes that facilitate cellular respiration
• DNA, ribosomes and organic compounds can be found in the cytoplasm
• The chromosome contains genetic information
• Plasmids contain genes that have been acquired by genetic recombination
• The capsule protects the cell
• Endospores defends the cell against extreme environments
• Pilus or pili allows the bacteria cell to attach to objects which assists with
genetic recombination
• Flagellum facilitates movement

20. Structural function of
Bacteria

22. How can Eubacteria be
identified?!

23. How can Eubacteria be
identified?!
• All bacteria in the Eubacteria
kingdom have one of three shapes.
• Bacilli are rod shaped, cocci are
shaped like spheres and spirilla are
spiral shaped
• Eubacteria also have three major
ways of acquiring food, autotrophy,
heterotrophy and chemotrophy!

24. How can Eubacteria be
identified?!
• All bacteria in the Eubacteria
The gram reaction of specific bacteria
kingdom have one of three shapes.
help to classify them!
• Bacilli are rod shaped, cocci are The two types of gram reaction are
gram-negative and gram-positive
shaped like spheres and spirilla are
spiral shaped
• Eubacteria also have three major
ways of acquiring food, autotrophy,
heterotrophy and chemotrophy!

25. NAME THAT FORM!

26. NAME THAT FORM!

27. NAME THAT FORM!

28. NAME THAT FORM!

29. NAME THAT FORM!
A.) Bacilli

30. NAME THAT FORM!
A.) Bacilli B.) Cocci

31. NAME THAT FORM!
A.) Bacilli B.) Cocci C.) Spirilla

33. Gram Staining

34. Gram Staining
• Using lab tests, species of Eubacteria are able to be
divided into Gram-positive and Gram-negative by using
Gram Stain
• In the Gram stain process bacteria is placed on a
microscope slide and stained with a dye called crystal
violet.
• Once the bacteria is stained with crystal violet the dye is
washed off with water and iodine is applied to the
specimen. Alcohol is also flushed onto the bacteria and
shortly after a dye called safranin is added to the mix.
• Gram-positive bacteria show the purple stain while
Gram-negative show the pink stain

36. Why is Gram Staining
useful!?

37. Why is Gram Staining
useful!?
• Gram staining is useful because it
classifies whether bacteria is gram-
positive or gram-negative
• Knowing a gram reaction of bacteria is
important because it reveals the
differences of bacteria
• Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria differ in how susceptible they
are to antibiotics.
• They a produce different toxic
materials
• They react differently to disinfectants
such as neosporin.

38. Why is Gram Staining
useful!?
• Gram staining is useful because it
classifies whether bacteria is gram-
positive or gram-negative
• Knowing a gram reaction of bacteria is
important because it reveals the
differences of bacteria
• Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria differ in how susceptible they
are to antibiotics.
• They a produce different toxic
materials
• They react differently to disinfectants
such as neosporin.

39. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria

40. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria
• One major difference between these two bacteria are the Domains they are
placed in, Eubacteria in Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria in Domain
Archae

41. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria
• One major difference between these two bacteria are the Domains they are
placed in, Eubacteria in Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria in Domain
Archae
• Eubacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan while archaebacteria
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

42. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria
• One major difference between these two bacteria are the Domains they are
placed in, Eubacteria in Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria in Domain
Archae
• Eubacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan while archaebacteria
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
• The cell membrane of the two are also different, Eubacteria cell membranes
are made of straight chain lipids while Archaebacteria cell membranes are
made of branched chain lipids.

43. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria
• One major difference between these two bacteria are the Domains they are
placed in, Eubacteria in Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria in Domain
Archae
• Eubacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan while archaebacteria
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
• The cell membrane of the two are also different, Eubacteria cell membranes
are made of straight chain lipids while Archaebacteria cell membranes are
made of branched chain lipids.
• These two domains also have different relations with the world around
them, Eubacteria have several different effects on nutrition while
archaebacteria’s affect on life is virtually unexplored.

44. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in
completely different domains because
archaebacteria are so different from
Eubacteria Vs.
Archaebacteria
other bacteria
• One major difference between these two bacteria are the Domains they are
placed in, Eubacteria in Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria in Domain
Archae
• Eubacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan while archaebacteria
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
• The cell membrane of the two are also different, Eubacteria cell membranes
are made of straight chain lipids while Archaebacteria cell membranes are
made of branched chain lipids.
• These two domains also have different relations with the world around
them, Eubacteria have several different effects on nutrition while
archaebacteria’s affect on life is virtually unexplored.
• Most Eubacteria live in the oxygen rich environments unlike archaebacteria,
which evolved before oxygen was released into the environment.

45. Fantabulous Phyla

46. Fantabulous Phyla
• In kingdom Eubacteria there are 12 phyla

47. Fantabulous Phyla
• In kingdom Eubacteria there are 12 phyla
• The phyla are divided according to evolutionary
relationships

48. Fantabulous Phyla
• In kingdom Eubacteria there are 12 phyla
• The phyla are divided according to evolutionary
relationships
• Four commonly known phyla are Cyanobacteria,
spirochetes, Gram-positive bacteria and
Proteobacteria. They are the most common
bacteria that affect human life!

49. Super Cyanobacteria

50. Super Cyanobacteria
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophs that use photosynthesis to gain energy and
produce oxygen as waste.

51. Super Cyanobacteria
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophs that use photosynthesis to gain energy and
produce oxygen as waste.
• Cyanobacteria are a unique type of eubacteria because they are enclosed by
a jellylike substance and cyanobacteria also often form groups, which are key
to the nitrogen cycle

52. Super Cyanobacteria
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophs that use photosynthesis to gain energy and
produce oxygen as waste.
• Cyanobacteria are a unique type of eubacteria because they are enclosed by
a jellylike substance and cyanobacteria also often form groups, which are key
to the nitrogen cycle
• When cyanobacteria form in chains they are called heterocysts. Heterocysts
assist in repairing nitrogen which is essential to life

53. Super Cyanobacteria
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophs that use photosynthesis to gain energy and
produce oxygen as waste.
• Cyanobacteria are a unique type of eubacteria because they are enclosed by
a jellylike substance and cyanobacteria also often form groups, which are key
to the nitrogen cycle
• When cyanobacteria form in chains they are called heterocysts. Heterocysts
assist in repairing nitrogen which is essential to life

55. Sickening Spirochetes

56. Sickening Spirochetes
• Spirochetes are heterotrophic eubacteria that have a spiral shape

57. Sickening Spirochetes
• Spirochetes are heterotrophic eubacteria that have a spiral shape
• Spirochetes can be aerobic and anaerobic

58. Sickening Spirochetes
• Spirochetes are heterotrophic eubacteria that have a spiral shape
• Spirochetes can be aerobic and anaerobic
• Human life is greatly impacted by spirochetes because they are bacteria that
most commonly cause sickness, though they are not the only type of
Eubacteria that does so.

59. Sickening Spirochetes
• Spirochetes are heterotrophic eubacteria that have a spiral shape
• Spirochetes can be aerobic and anaerobic
• Human life is greatly impacted by spirochetes because they are bacteria that
most commonly cause sickness, though they are not the only type of
Eubacteria that does so.
• Treponema pallidum is a spirochete that causes syphilis and Borrelia
burgdorferi is the bacteria that is carried by deer ticks, it causes Lyme
Disease

60. Sickening Spirochetes
• Spirochetes are heterotrophic eubacteria that have a spiral shape
• Spirochetes can be aerobic and anaerobic
• Human life is greatly impacted by spirochetes because they are bacteria that
most commonly cause sickness, though they are not the only type of
Eubacteria that does so.
• Treponema pallidum is a spirochete that causes syphilis and Borrelia
burgdorferi is the bacteria that is carried by deer ticks, it causes Lyme
Disease

61. Gracious Gram-positive
• Gram-positive bacteria are heterotrophic and like spirochetes have a great
impact on human life
• One type of Gram-positive bacteria is a species of streptococci,
Streptococcus pyogenes. Although Gram-positive bacteria can cause sickness
they also benefit human life greatly! Gram-positive bacilli grow inside of milk
and release lactic acid which forms yogurt and ice cream!
• Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that are found in soil. They
produce antibiotics that help fight harmful bacteria!
• If you have ever had a cavity or a tooth ache you’ve had a run in with
Lactobacilli, Gram-positive bacteria that attach to teeth and release acid that
causes decay

62. Perfect Proteobacteria
• Proteobacteria contain the most diverse types of bacteria, because of the
diversity it is divided into sub-divisions such as enteric bacteria,
chemoautotrophic bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Proteobacteria can
be heterotrophic, autotrophic or chemotrophic
• Enteric bacteria are the bacteria that live inside of intestinal tracts, such as
E. Coli. E. Coli lives in the small intestine inside of humans and produces
Vitamin K which defends against blood clotting. E coli also assists with the
breakdown of foods
• Another type of Enteric bacteria is Salmonella which can cause food
poisoning

63. Eubacteria and Humans
As humans Eubacteria contributes greatly to our lives, because of eubacteria we:
• Have foods such as yogurt and ice cream
• Have different antibiotics that allow us to fight
sicknesses
• Can acquire strepthroat, syphilis, Lyme Disease,
salmonella poisoning and many other bacterial
sicknesses
• Have nitrogen enriched soil
Guess what! Eubacteria also assist with the breakdown of wastes in sewers!