The document discusses various types of amino acids. It describes that amino acids are organic compounds that contain amine and carboxyl groups and a side chain. There are 9 essential amino acids that humans must obtain through their diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body. Amino acids are classified as essential, nonessential, or conditional. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized and must be obtained through food. The document then provides details on the structure, properties, and classification of various individual amino acids.

1. SUBJECT : BIOLOGY
Amino acids
Presented to:
Mr. Kailash Vilegave sir

2. SUBJECT : BIOLOGY

4.  Amino acids are organic compounds that
contain amine and carboxyl functional
groups, along with a side chain specific to
each amino acid. The key elements of an
amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen, although other elements are
found in the side chains of certain amino
acids.

5.  Types
 The 9 essential amino
acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lys
ine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
tryptophan, and valine.
...
Amino acids are classified into three
groups:
 Essential amino acids.
 Nonessential amino acids.
 Conditional amino acids.

6.  An essential amino
acid, or
indispensable amino
acid, is an amino
acid that cannot be
synthesized de novo
by the organism at a
rate commensurate
with its demand,
and thus must be
supplied in its diet.

7.  Histidine is an α-amino acid that is used in
the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-
amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an
imidazole side chain, classifying it as a
positively charged amino acid at
physiological pH.
 Molar mass: 155.1546 g/mol
 Formula: C6H9N3O2
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 Classification: Amino Acid
 Solubility in water: 4.19g/100g @ 25 °C

8.  Lysine is an α-amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino
group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side
chain lysyl, classifying it as a basic, charged,
aliphatic amino acid. It is encoded by the codons
AAA and AAG.
 Formula: C6H14N2O2
 Molar mass: 146.19 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: Lysine
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constantn (εr), etc
 Soluble in: Water
 Classification: Amino Acid

9.  Isoleucine is an α-amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino
group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a
hydrocarbon side chain with a branch. It is
classified as a non-polar, uncharged, branched-
chain, aliphatic amino acid.
 Formula: C6H13NO2
 Molar mass: 131.17 g/mol
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 3D model (JSmol): Interactive image;
Zwitterion: Interactive image
 Classification: Amino Acid

10.  Threonine is an amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino
group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain containing
a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino
acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body
cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the
diet.
 Formula: C4H9NO3
 Molar mass: 119.1192 g/mol
 Acidity (pKa): 2.63 (carboxyl), 10.43 (amino)
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 Classification: Amino Acid, Proteinogenic amino acid

11.  L-Tyrosine or tyrosine or 4-
hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20
standard amino acids that are used by cells
to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential
amino acid with a polar side group.
 Formula: C9H11NO3
 Molar mass: 181.19 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: Tyrosine
 ChemSpider ID: 5833
 Classification: Amino Acid, Proteinogenic
amino acid

12.  Valine is an α-amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino
group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side
chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar
aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans,
meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must
be obtained from the diet.
 Formula: C5H11NO2
 Molar mass: 117.151 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: Valine
 Acidity (pKa): 2.32 (carboxyl), 9.62 (amino)
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 Soluble in: Water

13.  Phenylalanine is an essential α-amino acid with
the formula C ₉H ₁₁NO ₂. It can be viewed as a
benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of
alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal
hydrogen of alanine.
 Formula: C9H11NO2
 Molar mass: 165.19 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: Phenylalanine
 Acidity (pKa): 1.83 (carboxyl), 9.13 (amino)
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant(εr), etc
 Classification: Essential amino acid

14.  Leucine is an essential amino acid that is
used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine
is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-
amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and
a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-
polar aliphatic amino acid.
 Formula: C6H13NO2
 Molar mass: 131.17 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: Leucine
 Acidity (pKa): 2.36 (carboxyl), 9.60 (amino)
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc

15.  Melanin is a broad term for a group of natural
pigments found in most organisms. Melanin is
produced through a multistage chemical process
known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of
the amino acid tyrosine is followed by
polymerization.
 Chemical formula: C18H10N2O4
 Melting point: < −20 °C (−4 °F; 253 K)
 Molar mass: 318.288 g·mol−1
 Density: 1.6 to 1.8 g/cm
 Boiling point: 450 to 550 °C (842 to 1,022 °F;
723 to 823 K)

16.  An amino acid that
can be made by
humans and so is not
essential to the
human DITE. There
are 11 nonessential
amino acids: alanine,
arginine, asparagine,
aspartic acid,
cysteine, glutamic
acid, glutamine,
glycine, proline,
serine, and tyrosine.

17.  Conditional amino
acids are usually not
essential, except in
times of illness and
stress.
 Conditional amino
acids include:
arginine, cysteine,
glutamine, tyrosine,
glycine, ornithine,
proline, and serine

18.  Cysteine is a semiessential proteinogenic
amino acid with the formula HOOC-CH--CH₂-
SH. The thiol side chain in cysteine often
participates in enzymatic reactions, as a
nucleophile.
 Formula: C3H7NO2S
 Molar mass: 121.16 g/mol
 Melting point: 240 °C
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 Chiral rotation (D): +9.4° (H2O, c = 1.3)
 Soluble in: Water, Acetic acid

19.  Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid that is used by
almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of
proteins. It is non-essential in humans, meaning
the body can synthesize it. It is also an
excitatory neurotransmitter, in fact the most
abundant one, in the vertebrate nervous
system.
 Formula: C5H9NO4
 Molar mass: 147.13 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: 2-Aminopentanedioic acid
 Melting point: 199 °C
 Boiling point: 333.8 °C
 Soluble in: Water

20.  Aspartic acid, is an α-amino acid that is used
in the biosynthesis of proteins. Like all other
amino acids, it contains an amino group and
a carboxylic acid.
 Formula: C4H7NO4
 Molar mass: 133.11 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: 2-Aminobutanedioic acid
 Solubility in water: 4.5 kg/m³
 Structure and properties: Refractive index
(n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc
 Conjugate base: Aspartate

21.  Formula: C6H14N4O2
 Molar mass: 174.2 g/mol
 IUPAC ID: (S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic
acid
 ChemSpider ID: 227

22.  Proline is an organic acid classed as a
proteinogenic amino acid, although it does
not contain the amino group -NH ₂ but is
rather a secondary amine. The secondary
amine nitrogen is in the protonated NH₂⁺
form under biological conditions, while the
carboxy group is in the deprotonated −COO⁻
form.
 Molar mass: 115.13 g/mol
 Formula: C5H9NO2
 Melting point: 205 °C
 IUPAC ID: Proline

23.  Glycine is an amino acid that has a single
hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the
simplest amino acid, with the chemical
formula NH₂‐CH₂‐COOH. Glycine is one of the
proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by
all the codons starting with GG.
 Formula: C₂H₅NO₂
 Molar mass: 75.07 g/mol
 Melting point: 233 °C
 Density: 1.61 g/cm³

24.  Alanine is an α-amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine
group and a carboxylic acid group, both
attached to the central carbon atom which
also carries a methyl group side chain.
 Formula: C3H7NO2
 Molar mass: 89.09 g/mol
 Density: 1.42 g/cm³

25.  Serine is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the
biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-
amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side
chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group,
classifying it as a polar amino acid.
 Formula: C3H7NO3
 Molar mass: 105.09 g/mol
 Acidity (pKa): 2.21 (carboxyl), 9.15 (amino)

26.  An essential amino acid, or indispensable
amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be
synthesized de novo by the organism at a
rate commensurate with its demand, and
thus must be supplied in its diet.

27.  A branched-chain amino acid is an amino acid
having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch.
Among the proteinogenic amino acids, there
are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and
valine. Non-proteinogenic BCAAs include 2-
aminoisobutyric acid

28.  An amino acid neurotransmitter is an amino
acid which is able to transmit a nerve
message across a synapse. Neurotransmitters
are packaged into vesicles that cluster
beneath the axon terminal membrane on the
presynaptic side of a synapse in a process
called endocytosis.
 Classification: Amino Acid

29.  ADDA is a non-proteinogenic amino acid
found in toxins made by cyanobacteria.
Toxins which include this amino acid include
microcystins and nodularins.
 Formula: C20H29NO3
 IUPAC ID: (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-Amino-9-methoxy-
2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic
acid
 ChemSpider ID: 20137047
 PubChem CID: 57357424

30.  Rebamipide, an amino acid derivative of 2--
quinolinone, is used for mucosal protection,
healing of gastroduodenal ulcers, and
treatment of gastritis. It works by enhancing
mucosal defense, scavenging free radicals,
and temporarily activating genes encoding
cyclooxygenase-2.
 Formula: C19H15ClN2O4
 Molar mass: 370.786 g/mol

31. ~Presentation by Disha deshmukh.