This document discusses joints and muscles in the human body. It describes the main types of joints, including ball-and-socket, hinge, and synovial joints, and their roles in enabling different movements. It also outlines the three main types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, and their distinguishing characteristics such as whether they are voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and controlled voluntarily, while smooth and cardiac muscles function involuntarily within internal organs and the heart.

1. JOINTS AND MUCLES
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By : Anshar Mansabadi 1

2. Do you ever think how our
body can move?
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3. Joints
The connection between two
or more bones is called a joint
or articulation. Muscle and
bones are connected by
connective tissue called
tendons. Joint enable bones to
moved.

4. The diverse types of joint are:
Diarthrosis is joint that enables very
free movement.
Amphiarthrosis is joint that enables
very little movement. This type of
joint is found at the connection
between ribs and vertebrae, and
between vertebrae themselves.
Synarthrosis is a joint that forbids
movement.

5. Some Types of Joints
Source : daviddarling.info

6. Diarthrosis
Based on the direction of movement, the joints of this type are grouped as:
Ball and socket joint, is a joint that enables movement to all directions.
This is joint is found in the connection between upper arm and shoulder
blade, and thigh bone and pelvic bone.
Pivot joint, is a joint that enables circular movement. This joint is found at
the palms of the hands and feet.
Hinge joint, is a joint that enables one-way movement. This joint is found
between phalanges, elbow, and knee.
Saddle joint, is a joint that enables movement just like a saddle. This joint
is found between the hand palm and the wrist.

7. Synarthrosis
There are two types of synarthrosis:
• Sinchondroses where bones are connected by cartilage.
Cartilage is positioned at the two tips of the neighboring
bones. The example is the connection between vertebrae.
• Sinfibrosis where the bone connector is fibers. Fibers are
positioned at the two tips of the neighboring bones. The
example is the connection of frontal bone and the skull.
The two bones are strengthened by coronal suture.

8. Movement caused by joints
Flexion and Extension (bending and strightening)
Abduction and Adduction (pull toward and away)
Elevation and Depression (superior and inferior direction)
Supination and pronation (facing up and down palm)

9. Types of Muscles
Skeletal = you control it (called
VOLUNTARY)
Smooth/Cardiac = you don’t
1.Skeletal Muscle control it (called
INVOLUNTARY)
3.Smooth Muscle
5.Cardiac Muscle

10. Skeletal Muscle
Attached to your skeleton
Voluntary
Structure = bundles of fibers
Examples: quadriceps, biceps,
triceps, abs, etc.
Source : highfive.me.uk

11. Smooth Muscle
• Inside organs
• Involuntary (automatic
movements)
• Shorter fibers than
skeletal muscle
• Example: pushes food
through stomach and
intestines
Source : bcrc.bio.umass.com

12. Cardiac Muscle
• Fibers have branched
shape (like tree
branches) that form
webs and layers
• Make up the heart <3
Source : bcrc.bio.umass.com

13. To be continue at abnormalities
of movement system…
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