This document provides information on muscles, joints, and movement. It defines the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their functions. It describes muscle attachments via tendons and ligaments connecting bones. Various joints are defined, including hinge and ball-and-socket joints, and the basic movements they allow including flexion, extension, and rotation. Key muscles of the upper and lower body are identified along with their actions.

1. Charter College T.Miller – 7/2017
~Muscles and Joints

2. • Muscles support and maintain body posture through a low
level of contraction
• Skeletal muscles produce a substantial amount of heat when
they contract

3. • Muscle functions in the movement of body parts and
does so by contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers.
• Bones provide a place for muscles and supporting
structures to attach. Because of the close association of
the skeleton and muscles, the two systems are often
referred to as one system called the musculoskeletal
system.

4. • Skeletal
• Attaches to the bones of the skeleton
• Voluntary/striated
• Operates under conscious control
• Smooth
• Called visceral muscle
• Involuntary/not striated
• Not under conscious control
• Cardiac
• Forms the wall of the heart
• Involuntary

5. • Tendon
• Attaches muscles to bones
• Point of Origin
• Point of attachment of the muscle to the bone that is less movable
• Point of Insertion
• Point of attachment to the bone that it moves

6. • Ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones or
cartilages and serve to support and strengthen joints. The
terms ligament and ligamentatum are used in naming the
ligaments.
• For example, ligamentum costo/clavicul/are or
costoclavicular ligament is a ligament that expands from the
first costal cartilage to the clavicle.
• Movement tends to create friction between bone and adjacent
structures. Bursae are sacs of fluid located in areas of
friction, especially the joints. Bursae serve to reduce friction.
• Inflammation of a bursa is called bursitis. Excision of a bursa
is called a bursectomy, and a calculus (stone) in a bursa is a
bursolith.

7. • Tendons are bands of strong fibrous tissue that attach the
muscles to the bones. Tend/o and ten/o are combining
forms that mean tendon.
• Tendodynia is a word meaning pain in a tendon, as does
the word tenalgia. Tendodynia may be caused by
tendonitis, which means .
Inflammation of a tendon

8. • The muscles are responsible for body movement and
help form many of our internal organs.
• My/o is the combining form meaning muscle.
Myocarditis is a complex word meaning heart muscle
inflammation, so myocardial means pertaining to the
heart muscle.
• Muscul/o is another combining form that also means
muscle.
• Any disease of a muscle is call myopathy. Myography
is a recording of a muscle. This process records
muscular contractions. The instrument used in
myography is a myograph. In general,
electromyography is used to record the response of

9. • Muscle tissue that is attached to bone is generally
voluntary, which means that it is controlled by the
conscious part of the brain. Smooth involuntary muscle
is located in the walls of hollow internal structures, such
as the stomach and intestines. Cardiac muscle is also
involuntary and forms the walls of the heart.
• Skeletal muscle is composed of many muscle fibers,
which, under the microscope, are found to be composed
of many threadlike structures called myofibrils. These
slender threads of muscle that alternate in light and dark
bands that are called striations. Muscle tissue with
striations is called striated muscle.

10. • Smooth involuntary muscle is located in the walls of
hollow internal structures, such as the stomach and
intestines.
• Internal organs of the body contain smooth (involuntary)
muscle. Internal organs enclosed within a cavity,
especially the abdominal organs, are called viscera. The
combining form that means viscera is viscer/o.

11. • Smooth involuntary muscle is located in the walls of
hollow internal structures, such as the stomach and
intestines. Cardiac muscle is also involuntary and forms
the walls of the heart.
• Cardiomegaly or megalocardia both mean enlargement
of the heart. Note that although –megaly means
enlarged, it gives the no indication of the cause of the
enlargement. Two suffixes that distinguish the cause
of enlargment are –trophy and –plasia.
• In cardiac hypertrophy, the enlarged heart is caused by
an increase in the size of existing cells. In contrast, an
increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ is
called hyperplasia.

12. • Skeletal muscles exert force on tendons, which in turn
pull on bones, producing movement. Most skeletal
muscles are named on the basis of distinctive
characteristics. For example, the biceps muscle is
named for the number of origins (attachments) of the
muscle to the bone. So, the biceps have two origins.
• Other distinctive characteristics used in naming muscles
are directions of the muscle fibers, location, size, and
action. Muscle actions include flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, and others.
• Flexion is the bending of a limb at a joint, and the
muscles responsible are called flexors. Extension is a
movement that brings members of a limb into a straight
condition and the muscles involved in this type of
movement are called extensors.

13. • Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the
body, and the responsible muscles are called abductors.
Ab- is the prefix meaning away from.
• Ad- is the prefix meaning toward, so adduction is the
movement toward the midline of the body. The muscles
responsible for this movement are called adductors.

14. • Buccinator
• Located in fleshy part of cheek
• Temporal
• Located above and near the ear
• Masseter
• Located at the angle of the jaw
• Raises the mandible and closes the jaw
• Sternomastoid (sternocleidomastoid)
• Extends from the sternum upward along the side of
the neck to the mastoid process

15. • Trapezius
• Triangular-shaped muscle
• Extends across the back of the shoulder
• Covers back of neck
• Inserts on clavicle and scapula
• Latissimus Dorsi
• Originates from vertebrae of lower back
• Crosses lower half of thoracic region
• Passes between humerus and scapula
• Inserts on anterior surface of humerus
• Forms the posterior border of the armpit

16. • Pectoralis Major
• Large, fan-shaped muscle
• Crosses the upper part of the front chest
• Originates from sternum
• Crosses over to humerus
• Deltoid
• Covers the shoulder joint
• Originates from clavicle and scapula
• Inserts on lateral side of the humerus

17. • Biceps Brachii
• Muscle has two heads
• Originates from scapula
• Inserts on the radius
• Triceps Brachii
• Muscle has three heads
• Originates from scapula and humerus
• Inserts onto olecranon process of the ulna at the
elbow

18. • Gluteus Maximus
• Forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock
• Originates from ilium and inserts in the femur
• Gluteus Medius
• Located above the upper outer quadrant of the
gluteus maximus muscle
• Originates from posterior part of ilium
• Inserts in greater trochanter of the femur

19. • Quadriceps Femoris
• Forms anterior part of the thigh
• Help extend the thigh
• Hamstring Muscles
• Located in posterior part of the thigh
• Help flex leg on the thigh
• Help extend the thigh

20. • Gastrocnemius
• Main muscle of the calf
• Attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon
• Used to plantar flex foot and flex toes
• Tibialis Anterior
• Positioned on the front of the leg
• Used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward

21. • Joint = articulation
• Point at which two individual bones connect
• Joints determine degree of movement
• Movement ranges from free to limited
• Suture = immovable joint
• Purpose is to bind bones together

22. • Fibrous
• Surfaces of bone fit closely together
• Held together by fibrous connective tissue
• Immovable joint
• Example: Suture between the skull bones
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23. • Cartilaginous
• Bones are connected by cartilage
• Limited movement joint
• Example: Symphysis
• Joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis

24. • Synovial
• Space between the bones = joint cavity
• Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane
• Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
• Bones are held together by ligaments
• Free movement joint
• Example = shoulder

25. F U N C T I O N A L
Hinge
- Allows a back and forth type motion
- Example = elbow
Ball-and-Socket
- Allows movement in many
directions around a central
point
- Example = shoulder joint
and hip joint

26. • Flexion
• Bending motion
• Decreases angle between two bones
• Extension
• Straightening motion
• Increases angle between two bones
• Abduction
• Movement of a bone away from midline of the body
• Adduction
• Movement of a bone toward midline of the body

27. • Supination
• Act of turning the palm up or forward
• Pronation
• Act of turning the palm down or backward
• Dorsiflexion
• Narrows the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
• Foot is bent backward, or upward, at the ankle

28. • Plantar Flexion
• Increases angle between the leg and the top of the foot
• Foot is bent downward at the ankle
• Toes pointing downward, as in ballet dancing
• Rotation
• Turning of a bone on its own axis
• Circumduction
• Movement of an extremity around in a circular motion
• Can be performed with ball-and-socket joints