Intro to the brain pp
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This document provides an introduction to the human brain, including objectives, key terms, and examples of research studies. It discusses the principles of localization of function and brain plasticity. Examples are given of different methods neurologists use to study the brain, including post-mortem examination, analysis of brain damage cases, and modern brain imaging technologies like MRI and fMRI. Specific studies summarized include Rosenzweig on brain plasticity in rats, Dimasio on Phineas Gage's frontal lobe damage, and Corkin on patient H.M.'s hippocampal removal.
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Reflex action, Nervous system and human brain .pptx
1) The document discusses reflex actions, the nervous system, and the human brain. Reflex actions are very fast actions like withdrawing one's hand from a hot object. The path of the impulse during a reflex action is called the reflex arc.
2) The nervous system has three parts: the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system including nerves, and the autonomic nervous system controlling involuntary actions.
3) The human brain has three main parts - the forebrain including the cerebrum and hypothalamus, the midbrain, and the hindbrain including the cerebellum and medulla.
Eaton Arrowsmith School
This document discusses neuroplasticity and the Arrowsmith Program for addressing learning disabilities. It provides background on neuroplasticity research showing the brain's ability to change in response to stimulation and experience. The Arrowsmith Program targets 19 cognitive areas through exercises designed to differentially stimulate and strengthen specific functions. Case studies demonstrate cognitive and achievement gains in students after participating in the program, as measured by standardized tests. Areas like fluid intelligence and processing of symbols like clocks are discussed in relation to specific brain regions.
04.18.13
The document discusses a study that aimed to reconstruct visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies using fMRI. The study:
1. Recorded brain activity from subjects watching hours of movie trailers to build dictionaries linking shapes, edges and motion to brain activity.
2. Tested the dictionaries by recording brain activity to new movie trailers and selecting the clips most similar to the observed activity.
3. Successfully identified the movie stimulus evoking 95% of observed brain activity, far above chance, demonstrating the ability to decode dynamic visual processing from fMRI.
What does HSAM stand forWhat is the range of memory.pdf
What does HSAM stand for?
What is the range of memory accuracy for HSAMs?
Based on the brain scans of 12 HSAMs, which part of the brain appears to more active when
they recall memories?
What type of research is being conducted when a scientist takes functional brain scans while a
participate in rememberingdescriptive, predictive or experimental?
What research methods are scientists using when they study the memory of 11-year old HSAM,
Jake Hassler, as he developscase study, self-report, observation, correlational study,
experiment?
What two questions are researches trying to answer by studying HSAMs?
WHAT
IS
MEMORY?
(9:46)
What structure in the brain did researchers discover is important for forming and maintaining
new long-term memories from the case of HM (Henry Molaison)?
According to your textbook CH 07 Memory, what type of memories are formed by this
structure?
Why did surgeons remove this structure from HMs brain?
Did the surgery cure his disorder?
What was a major unintended side effect of this surgery?
Despite not having this structure in his brain, what types of memories could HM still develop?
What task did scientist Brenda Milner use to demonstrate that HM could still form some types of
long-term memories?
How do we know that HM did not form an episodic memory of the task?
How do we know that HM formed procedural memories of the task?
According to your textbook CH 7 Memory, where are implicit memories formed in the brain?
Describe the two studies conducted by researcher of Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel by
answering the questions that follow:
For the first study, what was the question guiding the research?
What was the subject for this study?
Why did he choose this animal for his research?
What type of research methods were used?
What did he do? (method or procedure)
What data did he collect?
What did he find? (the results)
How did he interpret the findings? (the conclusion)
For Kandels
second
study, what was the question guiding the research?
What was the subject for the study?
Why did they choose this subject for their study?
What type of research methods did Kandel use?
What did he do? (the method/procedure)
What data did he collect?
What did he find?
How did Kandel interpret the results?
WHERE
DOES
MEMORY
LIVE?
(9:38)
Where are memories stored in the brain?
What is the role of the hippocampus in remembering?
What happens to the integrity of a memory when you recall it?
What is memory consolidation?
Describe the study conducted by Karim Nadir by answering the questions below:
What question were guiding his research?
Who were his subjects?
What did he do? (Method/procedure)
What does the drug Azinomycin do?
What data did Nadir collect?
What did he find? (results)
How did he interpret the findings? (Conclusion)
On the whole, are memories reliable?
Based on the research of Nadir, which is a better metaphor for memory storage?
a letter in an envelope
a book on a shelf in a library
a file in a computer that you can open, edit and sav.
Module 4 the brain
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the main parts of the human brain. It discusses older brain structures like the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system. It also describes the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions. The document then summarizes research on split brain patients which revealed new insights about how the left and right hemispheres process information independently.
Brain parts ss
1. The document discusses several ways that neuroscientists study the brain and its connections to behavior, including through cases of brain injury, EEG, PET scans, and MRI images.
2. It describes different parts of the brain including the brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, assigning specific functions to regions like the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, hippocampus, and amygdala.
3. Split brain experiments are discussed as revealing different functions of the left and right hemispheres, and the concept of "dual processing" between conscious and unconscious thoughts is introduced.
#36417 Topic Discussion 3Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
#36417 Topic: Discussion 3
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 1
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Master
Category: Psychology
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions:
I will upload the instruction
Module Chapter 5 wk6 p630
chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
Outline
· ■ Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
Stereotaxic Surgery
Histological Methods
Tracing Neural Connections
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording Neural Activity
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
Stimulating Neural Activity
Section Summary
· ■ Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
Localizing Particular Receptors
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genomic Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Section Summary
In July 1982, several young people began showing up at neurology clinics in northern California displaying dramatic, severe symptoms (Langston et al., 1983). The most severely affected patients were almost totally paralyzed. They were unable to speak intelligibly, they drooled constantly, and their eyes were open with a fixed stare. Others, less severely affected, walked with a slow, shuffling gait and moved slowly and with great difficulty. The symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, but that disorder has a very gradual onset. In addition, it rarely strikes people before late middle age, and the patients were all in their twenties or early thirties.
The common factor linking these patients was intravenous drug use; all of them had been taking a “new heroin,” a synthetic opiate related to meperidine (Demerol). Some detective work revealed that the illicit drug was contaminated with MPTP, a toxic chemical that damaged dopaminergic neurons and caused the neurological symptoms. Because the symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, the patients were given L-DOPA, the drug that is used to treat this disease, and they all showed significant improvement in their symptoms. Unfortunately, the improvement was temporary; the drug lost its effectiveness.
Fetal transplantation, an experimental neurosurgical method of treating parkinsonism, has shown some promise. The rationale for the procedure is this: The symptoms of parkinsonism, whether from Parkinson’s disease or the toxic effects of MPTP, are caused by the lack of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen. There is at present no way to induce the brain to grow new dopaminergic neurons. However, if dopamine-secreting neurons can be introduced into the caudate nucleus and putamen and if they survive and secrete dopamine, then perhaps the parkinsonian symptoms will diminish. Because the implanted neurons must be healthy and vigorous and not trigger the.
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IB Psychology Paper 1 Biological Level of Analysis
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Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
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Brain-Based Strategies for ELT by MaryAnn Christison
Brain-Based Strategies for ELT by MaryAnn Christison
Reflex action, Nervous system and human brain .pptx
Reflex action, Nervous system and human brain .pptx
What does HSAM stand forWhat is the range of memory.pdf
What does HSAM stand forWhat is the range of memory.pdf
#36417 Topic Discussion 3Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
#36417 Topic Discussion 3Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
More from abonica
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Social identity theory proposes that people derive part of their self-concept from group memberships. It explains how social categorization and comparisons between in-groups and out-groups impact behavior. Several studies discussed provide evidence for this, such as Tajfel's finding that random groupings led to in-group favoritism, and research showing that threats to social identity increase stress levels and derogation of out-groups. However, the theory also has limitations, as some studies had low ecological validity or did not fully account for factors like poverty. Overall, social identity theory effectively explains phenomena like in-group bias, conformity, and intergroup conflict, though more research is still needed.
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Flashbulb Memories
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Stereotypes 2018
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Social Cognitive Theory explains how humans learn behavior through observational learning. This learning is shaped by cognition, environment, and reinforcement. Key aspects of SCT include modeling behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Studies show children learn aggression from observing adult models, and children's aggression can be predicted by their self-efficacy and expectations of rewards for aggression. Monkey studies also show animals learn behaviors from their mothers.
Genetics & Antisocial Behavior
Genes contribute to about half of individual variations in antisocial behavior, according to twin studies. While genes may increase predisposition, they do not determine behavior alone. Studies found genetics account for 50% of antisocial behavior, but less impact for separated twins, showing environment also influences behavior. Research links low-activity MAOA genes interacting with childhood trauma to increased violence, suggesting genetics and environment combine to impact antisocial behavior.
Ethics 2018
This document discusses the ethical standards psychologists must follow when conducting research. It outlines the six main standards: informed consent, avoiding deception, protecting participants from harm, right to withdraw, debriefing, and confidentiality. The standards aim to protect human and animal participants. Researchers are required to receive informed consent, avoid or minimize deception, prevent physical and psychological harm, allow participants to withdraw at any time, debrief participants on the true purpose and any deception after the study, and keep participants' identities confidential.
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Preventing violence
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1) Self-control exercises, such as using only one hand for tasks, were found to decrease aggressive behavior for those who practiced them compared to a control group.
2) A yoga program in prisons resulted in increased self-control and less reported aggressiveness among inmates compared to a control group.
3) Teaching children empathy and perspective-taking skills led to less aggressive playground behavior than a control group.
4) However, anti-bullying programs in schools were found to be ineffective and possibly increased peer victimization.
5) A
Intro to psychological research cell phones
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Mental illness and homelessness
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Intro to the brain pp
- 1. Intro to the Human Brain
- 2. Today’s Objectives Content Objective I can explain how the brain works and how it is studied. I can display critical thinking about research studies. Language Objective I can define Localization of Function and Brain Plasticity.
- 3. Today’s Key Terms Neurology Localization of Function Frontal Lobe Hippocampus Neuron Brain Plasticity MRI and fMRI
- 4. Top Myths about our Brains What ideas or theories have you heard about our brains? Top Myths about Our Brains Video Which of the ideas that we listed can we take off?
- 5. Neurology The study of the brain and its functioning.
- 6. Localization of Function The principle that certain areas in the brain are responsible for certain behaviors.
- 7. Localization of Function: The Frontal Lobe The Frontal Lobe is responsible for self-control, planning, social judgment, and other higher-order thinking tasks. Sociopaths (Far Right) have been shown to have less activity in their Frontal Lobe.
- 8. Localization of Function: Hippocampus The Hippocampus is an area deep in the brain responsible for the storage of new memories. Damaged Hippocampus = No New Memories.
- 9. Neurons Neurons are cells that make up the nervous system (including the brain) that specialize in communication of information throughout the body Brains consist of billions of Neurons and Trillions of Neural connections.
- 10. Brain Plasticity The Principle that the brain changes over time and depending on our environment. Our brains are always changing. Use it or Loose It! How Our Learning Occurs in the Brain
- 11. How do Neurologists study the Brain? Throughout history Neurologists have used a variety of tools to study the brain. Post-Mortem Examination Brain Damage Case Studies Modern Technology (MRI, fMRI, PET) Key Question: Why might each of these methods have been used? What are the strengths and limitations of each?
- 12. Post Mortem Studies After individuals (or animals) die, their brains are dissected and compared to normally functioning brains. Example: Rosenweig (1972)
- 13. Rosenzweig (1972) Aim: To determine how the environment can impact the neurological development of rats. Method: Randomly assigned lab rats to one of three conditions. Control: Typical Laboratory Cage (other rats, adequate room and food/water.) Impoverished: Small cage, isolated, adequate food/water. Enriched: Large space, Multiple Toys, Companions, adequate food/water. After living 4-10 weeks, they were killed and autopsies were performed on their brains (randomly assigned numbers to eliminate researcher bias).
- 14. Rosenzweig (1972) Cont. Findings: The enriched rats had… 1.Thicker and heavier cerebral cortexes 2. Larger Neurons Conclusion: An enriched environment produced more developed and bigger brains. Critical Thinking: Artificial environment limited Ecological Validity. Ethical? Applications?
- 15. Brain Damage Cases The close examination of individuals with traumatic brain damage. By studying how their behavior has changed, we can understand what that part of the brain is responsible for. Example: Dimasio et al (1994) – The case of Phineas Gage Gage Video
- 16. Dimasio et al (1994) Aim: To determine what areas of Phineas Gage’s brain was damaged in the accident. Method: Used MRI technology to create a model of the accident and determine what areas were damaged.
- 17. Dimasio et al (1994) cont. Finding: The frontal lobe, and only the frontal lobe were damaged in the accident. Conclusion: The frontal lobe is responsible for self-control and social processing. Critical Thinking: Reliable?
- 18. Brain Imaging Technology In recent decades, scientists can use non-invasive technology to take images of the brain of functioning brains. MRI- Creates an Image of the structure of the brain fMRI- Shows activity in the brain. Example: Corkin et al. (1997): HM
- 19. Corkin et al (1997) Aim: To determine the extent of damage done to HM’s brain. Method: Performed an MRI on HM. Finding: All of HM’s Hippocampus and Amygdala were removed. Conclusions: The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new memories. Critical Thinking: Ethical? Reliable?
- 20. Homework for Tonight 1. Select One of the Articles Online and read it in full. 2. Complete a 3-2-1 note guide for the Article. 3: New/Important ideas that were not discussed in class. 2: Pieces of Critical Thinking/Methodological Limitations 1. Question you still have about the Study.
- 21. Wrap-Up: Pepper Be Prepared to answer a question based on the vocabulary and ideas which we have discussed today.