This document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It begins by labeling the parts of a long bone, then describes the two groups that make up the skeletal system - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. It then details the specific bones that make up these areas. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. The document also outlines the functions of the skeletal system and describes the four types of bones. It defines anatomical terminology and discusses the roles of connective tissues like cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Finally

1. Anatomy
Skeletal/Muscular
System

2. Warm Up Label the Long bone
• epiphysis
• spongy bone
• articular cartilage
• diaphysis
• compact bone
• bone marrow
• Marrow cavity
• blood vessel
• periosteum
I

3. Answers
• A-diaphysis
• B-epiphysis
• C-spongy bone
• D-articular cartilage
• E- spongy bone
• F-compact bone
• G- Bone marrow
• H- periosteum
• I- Marrow cavity

4. The Skeletal System: divided into two groups,
the axial and appendicular skeleton for a total of
206 bones in the body.
I. The Axial Skeleton:
consists of 80
bones that revolve
around the vertical
axis of the
skeleton.
*skull, ribs, sternum and
vertebral column

5. A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
1. The Skull
A. Cranial bones (8):
*frontal (1)
*parietal (2)
*temporal (2)
*sphenoid (1)
*ethmoid (1)
*occipital (1)
http://www.learnbones.com/skull-cranial-and-facial-bones-anatomy

6. A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
B. Facial Bones (14):
*mandible (1)
*maxilla (2)
*zygomatic bone (2)
*nasal bone (2)
*lacrimal (2)
*palatine (2
*inferior nasal concha
(2)
*volmer (1)

7. A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
2. Thoracic cage (25):
*sternum (1)
*true ribs (14)
articulate with the
sternum directly.
*false ribs (6)
*floating ribs (4)

8. A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
3. Vertebral Column
(26):
*cervical vertebrae (7)
*thoracic vertebrae (12)
*lumbar vertebrae (5)
*sacrum (5 fused)
*coccyx (4 fused)

9. II. The Appendicular Skeleton: consists of
126 bones that append to the axial skeleton.
A. Bones of the
Appendicular
Skeleton
1. Pectoral girdle (4)
*clavicle (2)
*scapula (2)

10. A. Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
2. The Upper Limb (60)
*humerus (2)
*radius (2)
*ulna (2)
*carpals (16)
*metacarpals (10)
*phalanges (28)

11. A. Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
3. Pelvic Girdle (2)
3 fused pairs
*ilium
*ischium
*pubis

12. A. Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
4. Lower limb (60)
*femur (2)
*patella (2)
*tibia (2)
*fibula (2)
*tarsal (14)
*metatarsals (10)
*phalanges (28)

13. III. Functions of the Skeletal System
A. Axial Skeleton
Functions:
*protects the brain and
internal organs.
*provides structure and
support
*attachment for muscles

14. III. Functions of the Skeletal System
B. Appendicular
Skeleton Functions:
*protection
*attachment for muscles
*support and movement
*blood cell formation

15. IV. Types of Bones
1. Long Bones: those
that are longer than
they are wide.
*femur, tibia, fibula
*humerus, radius, ulna
*clavicle
*metacarpals
*metatarsals
*phalanges

16. 2. Short Bones: are as wide as they are long.
*tarsals of the foot
*carpals of the hand

17. 3. Flat Bones: broad flat plates used for protection
and muscular attachment. Most RBC’s are
produce in flat bones.
*skull
*rib cage
*sternum
*scapula
*pelvis
*os coxae (hip bone)

18. 4. Irregular Bones: have peculiar shapes and
cannot be grouped in the other bone categories.
*verterbrae
*sacrum
*coccyx
*mandible
*maxilla
*hyoid

19. long bone
structure

20. V. Anatomical Terminology

21. V. Anatomical Terminology
1. Anterior: towards the
front.
2. Posterior: towards
the back.
3. Superior: towards
the head.
4. Inferior: towards the
feet.
5. Proximal: nearest;
closer to any point of
reference.
6. Distal: remote; farther
from any point of
reference.
7. Lateral: point that is
more distant from the
median plane.
8. Medial: point that is
closer to the median
plane

22. Food for Thought
• http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/ver

23. VI. Connective Tissue
1. Cartilage: a flexible
connective tissue
found between the
bones of joints. It
acts as a cushion
between joints and
reduces friction in
movement.

24. VI. Connective Tissue
2. Ligament: dense,
flexible tissue that
connects bone to
bone at a joint.

25. VI. Connective Tissue
3. Tendon: consists of
dense collagen fibers
and connect muscle
to bone.

26. VII. Joint: point where two or more bones articulate
allowing movement and mechanical support.
A. Types of Joints
1. Fibrous: held
together by fibrous
connective tissue.
Usually immovable
or slightly moveable.
Ex. Suture joints
between cranial
bones and distal
joint of tibia and
fibula.

27. 2. Cartilaginous: joints held together by cartilage.
May be immovable or slightly movable.

28. 3. Synovial: freely movable joints characterized by
a synovial cavity (joint cavity) containing synovial
fluid.
Features of Synovial
Joints:
a. Articular cartilage:
(hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of
bones.
b. Synovial membrane:
surrounds the
synovial cavity.

29. c. Articular Capsule: is composed of the synovial
membrane and the fibrous capsule.
d. Bursae: fluid filled
sac that cushions and
reduces friction
between moving
structures.
e. Meniscus: disperses
the weight of the body
and reduces friction in
the joint.

30. Types of Synovial joints
1. Hinge: allow flexion
and extension along
one plane.
*elbow
*knee
*ankle
*joints in the fingers

31. Types of Synovial joints
2. Ball and Socket:
allow all movements
except gliding.
*hip
*shoulder

32. Types of Synovial joints
3. Condyloid: allow
flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction
and circumduction.
*wrist
*between the
metacarpals and
phalanges.

33. Types of Synovial joints
4. Pivot: one bone
rotates about another.
*the neck
*radius and ulna

34. Types of Synovial joints
5. Gliding: permit
sliding and gliding
movements.
*spine
*wrist
*ankles
*clavicle

35. Types of Synovial joints
6. Saddle: same
movement as
condyloid joints.
*thumb

36. Write a 1 page essay
outlining the function of
connective tissue.
Discuss the role played
by cartilage, ligaments and
tendons citing examples from
specific joints.

37. The Muscular System
I. Characteristics of
muscle tissue
*contractibility-ability of
the muscle to shorten.
*extensibility: ability of
the muscle to
lengthen.
*elasticity: ability of the
muscle to return to it’s
normal size.

38. I. Characteristics of muscle tissue
* atrophy-a decrease in
the size of muscle
tissue.
* hypertrophy-an
increase in the size of
muscle tissue.
* Controlled by nerve
tissue and fed by
capillaries.

39. II. Types of Muscle Tissue
A. Smooth: Involuntary
muscle that lines the
walls of hollow
organs, blood
vessels and the
digestive tract.

40. II. Types of Muscle Tissue
B. Cardiac: involuntary
striated muscle
responsible for
rhythmic contractions
of the heart.

41. II. Types of Muscle Tissue
C. Skeletal: Voluntary
striated muscle that is
responsible for
movement.

42. III. Structure of Skeletal Muscle

43. III. Structure of Skeletal Muscle

44. IV. Muscle Attachment
1. Origin: the point of
attachment of a
muscle tendon to a
stationary bone.
2. Insertion: point of
attachment of a
muscle tendon to a
movable bone.

45. Muscles of the anterior portion of the body
Deltoid
http://www.getbodysmart.com/

46. Pectoralis

47. iliopsoas

48. Sartorius

49. Quadriceps femoris

50. Tibialis anterior

51. Abdominus rectus and External obliques

52. Biceps brachii

53. Muscles of the posterior portion of the body

54. Triceps brachii

55. Gluteus maximus

56. Hamstrings

57. Gastrocnemius and Soleus

58. Erector spinae