Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Pigs and wading birds are natural hosts that help transmit the virus in a zoonotic cycle, with humans as accidental hosts. Children under 15 are most at risk. Cases peak during the rainy season in rural agricultural areas with rice cultivation and pig farming. There is no cure, but vaccination programs can help prevent disease.
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
Malaria epidemiology and malariometric measuresKrishnaSingh419
describes data from 2019 regarding malaria and various important malariometric measures
This presentation is a concise notes taken from PARK textbook and can help in PSM exams
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
Malaria epidemiology and malariometric measuresKrishnaSingh419
describes data from 2019 regarding malaria and various important malariometric measures
This presentation is a concise notes taken from PARK textbook and can help in PSM exams
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
In this presentation you will find about the zoonotic potential of rabies virus, its impact in terms of DALYs.
Epidemiology and geographical distribution of rabies.
You will learn about the reservoir and source of rabies, transmission of rabies virus.
You will also learn about the virology of rabies virus inculding its family, genus, its structure, its different protein and the replication cycle of rabies virus.
It will also put light on the pathogenesis of rabies virus and different stages of rabies virus infection.
Then it will discuss about the laboratory diagnosis of rabies virus infection in humans as well as in animals including specimen collection, culturing, microscopy, animal inoculation and molecular diagnosis.
After that, you will get information about the prevention and control of rabies and different successful control strategies adopted by several countries of the world.
In the end it will discuss the status of rabies in Pakistan and specially WHO responses to rabies control in pakistan.
Rancidification
The complete or incomplete oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, or moisture or by bacterial action, resulting in unpleasant taste and odor.
Pathways of Rancidification
Three pathways
• Hydrolytic
Hydrolytic rancidity refers to the odor that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids are released. This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst, leading to the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol. In particular, short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are malodorous.
• Oxidative
Oxidative rancidity is associated with the degradation by oxygen in the air. The double bonds of an unsaturated fatty acid can be cleaved by free-radical reactions involving molecular oxygen. This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Because of the nature of free-radical reactions, the reaction is catalyzed by sunlight.
• Microbial
Microbial rancidity refers to a water-dependent process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria or molds, use their enzymes such as lipases to break down fat. By destroying or inhibiting microorganisms, pasteurization (sterilization) and addition of antioxidant ingredients, such as vitamin E, can reduce this process.
Obtaining sample of exfoliated cells (dead cells that are shed) of cervix and simple test to look at cervical cells
Also called Papanicolaou tests or cervical cytology
The specimen should be obtained 2 weeks after the first day of LMP taken by brushing or scraping
Purpose of pap smear test
.To detect early cancer of the cervix
To determine estrogen activity related to menopause or endocrine abnormalities.
Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labor.
Also called “Eutocia”
DELIVERY is expulsion or extraction of a viable fetus out of the womb .
It is not synonymous with labor
Delivery can take place without labor as in elective caesarean section
It may be vaginal, either spontaneous or aided or it may be abdominal
Labor is called normal if it fulfils the following criteria's:
Spontaneous and at term
With vertex presentation
Without undue prolongation
Natural termination with minimal aids
Without having any complications affecting the health of a mother and/or baby
ABNORMAL LABOR
Any deviation from the definition of normal labor is called as abnormal labor
Thus labor in a case with presentation other than vertex or having some complications even with vertex presentation affecting the normal course of labor or modifying the nature of termination or affecting the health of mother or baby is called abnormal labor.
Starvation is defined medically in two parts that is: The act or process of starving and the condition of being starved, while ‘Neglect’ is defined as – to fail to give due care, attention, or time to someone an adult/ a child especially.
The first historic mention of Japanese encephalitis occurred during the
“summer encephalitis” outbreaks in the late 1870s. The next documented
epidemic in Japan occurred in 1924 with 6,125 human cases resulting in
3,797 human deaths (62% case-fatality rate). The virus was first isolated
in Japan in 1935 from a fatal human case of encephalitis. In 1938, the
virus was first isolated from its primary vector species, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus.
In 1940, JE was first identified in China, and in 1949 it was identified in
Korea during a major epidemic that resulted in 5,548 human cases. In
1954 the virus was recognized in India and a major epidemic occurred in
1978 with over 6,000 human cases. In 1983 in South Korea, JE
immunizations started in children as young as age 3 except in endemic
areas where the vaccine was recommended in children even younger.
From 1983 to 1987 the JE vaccine was available in the U.S. on an
investigational basis.
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Medical procedure
Bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination.
Presentation on:
Describe the gross anatomy of heart under following: external features, surface markings and areas of auscultation.
List the components of examination of Cardiovascular System.
Define cardiac cycle and its phases.
Define venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, preload, afterload and ejection fraction with their normal range.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. • Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito borne encephalitis
caused by group B arbovirus
• Zoonotic disease
• Transmitted by the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes
• No man to man transmission of disease
• No man to mosquito spread of disease
Introduction
5. • Group B Arbo virus (Japanese Encephalitis virus) is
causative agent
• Comes under genus: Flavi virus
• ssRNA & enveloped virus
• Based on the envelope gene, 5 genotype have been
discovered (I-V)
• Transmitted by Culex mosquitoes.
Agent
10. • Viral transmission is high in
i. Rural agricultural area (flooding irrigation is
practised)
ii. Rainy season
Environment
Because the vector mosquito
Breeds in irrigated rice fields, shallow ditches
and pools.
Are common in rainy season
11. • Vector = culex
mosquitoes (Culex
tritaeniorhyncus ,
Culex vishnui)
Natural cycle & transmission of the
disease
12. • The vector is responsible
for
Pig – Mosquito- Pig
cycle
Birds- Mosquito – Bird
cycle.
• After 9-12 days of viral
entry in mosquito , they
can transmit virus to
other hosts.
Natural cycle & transmission of the
disease
13. Virus enters the body through the bite of mosquitoes
After multiplication in local and regional lymph nodes,
viremia of varying duration occurs
Virus is transported to target organ (brain) via blood
Virus proliferate and damages the neuronal tissues , thereby
elicits nervous manifestation
Pathogenesis
14. • Incubation period : 5 - 15 days
• Course of disease in man is divided into 3 stages
i. Prodromal stage
ii. Acute encephalitic stage
iii. Late stage and sequelae
Clinical features
15. i. Prodromal stage
• Lasts for 1-6 days
• Fever
• Headache
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Lethargy
• Malaise
i. Prodromal stage
16. • Fever (38 to 40.7 degree Celsius)
• Nuchal rigidity
• Convulsion
• Difficulty in speech
• Dystonia
• Ocular palsies
• Paralysis
• Tremor
• Altered sensorium progressing to Coma
ii. Acute Encephalitic Stage
17. • Begins when active inflammation is at an end
• Neurological sign become stationary or tend to
improve
• Convalescence may be prolonged
• Commonly patients have residual neurological
deficit.
iii. Late stage and sequelae
19. Common symptoms
of
Japanese Encephalitis
Other symptoms include disorientation, coma,
seizures, spastic paralysis and ultimately death.
Of those who survive, 20%–30% suffer from
permanent intellectual, behavioural or
neurological problems such as paralysis,
recurrent seizures or the inability to speak.
20. • Most important viral encephalitis in Asia, especially in rural and
suburban areas where rice culture and pig farming coexist.
• Has also occurred rarely and sporadically in northern Australia
and parts of the Western Pacific.
• In the late 1980s, Burke and Leake estimated that 50 000 new
cases of JE occurred annually among the 2.4 billion people
living in the 16 Asian countries considered endemic at that time
(approximate overall annual incidence: 2 per 100 000).
• Incidence group:
Total population (endemic + non-endemic areas)
Aged 0–14 years is 1000.9 million
Aged ≥ 15 years, 2692.7 million
Global scenario
22. Reported AES and laboratory confirmed JE
cases by districts FY 2073/2074
23. National immunization coverage FY 2073/2074
Above table shows antigens wise coverage at national level during FY 2073/74.
24. Figure shows the three years (2015, 2016 and 2017) trends of immunization
coverage.
25. Clinical Diagnosis
o Clinical Suspect
– Febrile illness of variable severity associated with
neurological symptoms
o Probable Case
– Suspected case in close geographical and temporal
relationship to a laboratory confirmed case of AES / JE in
an outbreak
o Confirmed Case
– Suspect case with confirmed laboratory result.
– Virus isolation from brain tissues , increased titre of IgM
antibody in serum and CSF etc.
26. • No specific antiviral medicine available for JE
• Clinical management is supportive
• Fluid and electrolyte balance is must during
the acute phase of the disease
• Seizures management is necessary
• Airway management is crucial
Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis
27. • 3 types of vaccines are available against JE
Mouse brain derived killed vaccines
Cell culture derived killed vaccine
Cell cultured derived live attenuated vaccine
Prevention of JE
28. Nakayama or Beijing strains are used
Widely used vaccine in the past
0.5 ml < 3yr and 1 ml>3 yrs subcutaneously
2 primary dose 4 weeks apart, booster dose after 1
year and subsequently 3 yearly interval until 10-15
years
Has severe adverse effect
Banned from 2007 in India
Mouse Brain derived killed Vaccine
29. Also called as SA 14-14-2 vaccine
Widely used nowadays
equally good childhood protection is obtained by a
single primary dose followed by a single booster dose
after 1 year
Safer upto 15 years of age
0.5 ml subcutaneously
Not recommended for adult
Highly effective for use during mass campaign.
Live attenuated Vaccines
30.
31.
32. • Control measures involves 2 strategies
Control of Reservoir
Control of Vector
Control measures for JE
33.
34. • Pigs acts as amplifying host so pig rearing
should be discouraged in areas where rice
cultivation is wide spread.
• Inactivated vaccines or modified live vaccines
can be used for vaccinating Swine.
Control of Reservoir
35. Insecticide spraying should be done in breeding
places such as paddy fields.
Eco-management of paddy fields can be done.
Ultra low volume insecticide spraying by fogging has
been found helpful to some extent
Sterile male technique is a novel approach.
Control of Vector
36. • Park's Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, K. Park
24th edition
Chapter IV
Page no. 302, 303 & 304
• WHO website : https://who.int
• Annual health report 2073/2074
Chapter 2
Page no. 10, 11, 21 & 22
References
