Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Epidemiology and control measures for Yellow fever AB Rajar
It is an acute infectious disease of short duration, with sudden
onset,fever,headache,prostration,nausea,epistaxis,buccal bleeding,hematemesis,malena and jaundice
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. India is free from yellow fever. Vaccination against yellow fever is available and is highly effective. A vaccination certificate is required to travel in a yellow fever free zone/country
Epidemiology and control measures for Yellow fever AB Rajar
It is an acute infectious disease of short duration, with sudden
onset,fever,headache,prostration,nausea,epistaxis,buccal bleeding,hematemesis,malena and jaundice
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. India is free from yellow fever. Vaccination against yellow fever is available and is highly effective. A vaccination certificate is required to travel in a yellow fever free zone/country
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
covid-19 disease or novel corona virus disease or sars-cov 2 information includes all about virology,patho physiology, taxonomy of virus, taxonomy of intermediary host pangolin,and preventive measures needed to be followed by public etc, in a most possible concised manner illustrated in this presentation.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. DEFINITION
Yellow fever is a zoonotic disease caused by an
arbovirus
It affects principally monkeys and other vertebrates
in tropical America and Africa and is transmitted to
man by certain culicine mosquitoes.
It shares clinical features with other viral
haemorrhagic fevers (e.g., dengue HF, Lassa fever)
but is characterized by more severe hepatic and
renal involvement.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Agent factors
(a) AGENT : The causative agent, FlaviiJirus
fibricus formerly classified as a group B arbovirus, is
a member of the togavirus family..
(b) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION :
In forest areas, the reservoir of infection is mainly
monkeys and forest mosquitoes.
In urban areas, the reservoir is man (subclinical and
clinical cases) besides Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
(c) PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY :
(i) MAN : Blood of patients is infective during the
first 3 to 4 days of illness.
(ii) MOSQUITOES: After an "extrinsic incubation
period" of 8 to 12 days, the mosquito becomes
infective. The virus multiplies in the insect vector.
After becoming infective, the mosquito remains
so for life.
5. HOST FACTORS
(a) AGE AND SEX : All ages and both sexes are
susceptible to yellow fever in the absence of
immunity.
(b) OCCUPATION : Persons whose occupation
brings them in contact with forests (wood cutters,
hunters) where yellow fever is endemic are
exposed to the risk of infection.
(c) IMMUNITY : One attack of yellow fever gives
lifelong immunity; second attacks are unknown.
Infants born of immune mothers have antibodies up
to 6 months of life.
6. ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS
(a) CLIMATE : A temperature of 24 deg.C or over is
required for the multiplication of the virus in the
mosquito.
It should be accompanied by a relative humidity of
over 60 per cent for the mosquitoes to live long
enough to convey the disease.
(b) SOCIAL FACTORS : In Africa, urbanization is
leading to the extension of yellow fever. In addition,
the expanding population is encroaching on areas
that were previously sparsely populated, thereby
bringing man closer to· the jungle cycles of yellow
fever..
7. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
There are three known cycles of transmission, the jungle,
intermediate and the urban cycles .
1. Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever : In tropical rainforests,
yellow fever occurs in monkeys that are infected by wild
mosquitoes. The infected monkeys then pass the virus to
other mosquitoes that feed on them.
The infected mosquitoes bite humans entering the forest,
resulting in occasional cases of yellow fever. The majority of
infections·occur in young men working in the forest (e.g. for
logging)
8. CONT..
2. Intermediate yellow fever.
In humid or semi-humid parts of Africa, small-scale
epidemics occur, Semi-domestic mosquitoes (that breed in
the wild and around households) infect both monkeys and
humans.
Increased contact between people and infected
mosquitoes leads to transmission. This is the most
common type of outbreak in Africa.
9. CONT..
3. Urban yellow fever.
Large epidemics occur when infected people
introduce the virus into densely populated areas
with a high number of non-immune people and
Aedes mosquitoes.
Infected mosquitoes transmit the virus from person
to person
10. TREATMENT
There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, only
supportive care to treat dehydration and fever.
Associated bacterial infections can be treated with
antibiotics. Supportive care may improve outcomes for
seriously ill patients.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
3 to 6 days (6 days recognized under International Health
Regulations).
11. CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER
1. Jungle yellow fever :
Jungle yellow fever
continues to be an
uncontrollable disease.
The virus maintains itself
in the animal kingdom.
Mosquito control is difficult
and can be considered only
in restricted areas.
Vaccination of humans with
17D vaccine is the only
control measure
12. CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER
2. Urban yellow fever :-
1.VACCINATION:Rapid immunization of the population at
risk is the most effective control strategy for yellow fever.
For international use, the approved vaccine is the 17D
vaccine.
It is a live attenuated vaccine prepared from a non-
virulent strain (17D strain).
It has to be stored between +5 and -30 deg.C, preferably
below zero deg.C until reconstituted with the sterile, cold
physiological saline diluent provided
13. CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER
Reconstituted vaccine should be kept on ice, away from
sunlight, and discarded if not used within half an hour.
The vaccine is administered subcutaneously at the
insertion of deltoid in a single dose of 0.5 ml irrespective
of age.
Immunity begins to appear on the 7th day and lasts for
more than 35 years, and possibly for life .
However, WHO recommends revaccination after 10
years for international travel.
14. CONT...
The risk of death from yellow fever is much higher than
the risks related to the vaccine. People who should not be
vaccinated include
(a) children aged under 9 months for routine
immunization (or under 6 months during an epidemic)
(b) pregnant women - except during a yellow fever
outbreak when the risk of infection is high.
(c) people with severe allergies to egg protein.
(d) people with severe immunodeficiency caused
by symptomatic HIV/AIDS or other causes, or in the
presence of thymus disorder.
15. CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER
2. VECTOR CONTROL :- The other principal method of
preventing yellow fever is through intensive vector control.
vigorous anti-adult and anti-larval measures.
The long-term policy should be based on organized
"source reduction" methods (e.g., elimination of breeding
places) supported by health education aimed at securing
community participation.
Personal protection against contact with insects is of major
importance in integrated vector control.
Such protection may include the use of repellents,
mosquito nets, mosquito coils and fumigation mats
16. CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER
3.SURVEILLANCE :-
For the surveillance of Aedes mosquitoes, the WHO
uses an index known as Aedes aegypti index. This
is a house index and is defined as "the percentage
of houses and their premises, in a limited well-
defined area, showing actual breeding of Aedes
aegypti larvae".
This index should not be more than 1 per cent in
towns and seaports in endemic areas to ensure
freedom from yellow fever.
17. INTERNATIONAL MEASURES
The virus of yellow fever could get imported into
India in two ways:
1 :Through infected travellers (clinical and subclinical
cases), and
2 :Through infected mosquitoes. Measures designed
to restrict the spread of yellow fever are specified in
the "International Health Regulations" of WHO .
18. INTERNATIONAL MEASURES
Broadly these comprise :
(i) TRAVELLERS :
All travellers (including infants) exposed to the risk of
yellow fever or passing through endemic zones of yellow
fever must possess a valid international certificate of
vaccination against yellow fever before they are allowed to
enter yellow fever "receptive" areas.
If no such certificate is available, the traveller is placed on
quarantine, in a mosquito-proof ward, for 6 days from the
date of leaving an infected area.
If the traveller arrives before the certificate becomes
"valid", he is isolated till the certificate becomes valid.
19. CONT..
(ii) MOSQUITOES :
The aircraft and ships arriving from endemic areas are
subjected to aerosol spraying with prescribed insecticides
on arrival for destruction of insect vectors.
Further, airports and seaports are kept free from the
breeding of insect vectors over an area extending at least
400 metres around their perimeters.
20. INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATE OF VACCINATION
India and most other countries require a valid certificate
of vaccination against yellow fever from travellers
coming from infected areas.
The validity of the certificate begins 10 days after the
date of vaccination and extends up to 10 years.
Revaccination performed before the end of the validity of
the certificate renders the certificate valid for a further
period of 10 years starting on the day of revaccination.