Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
# Diluting & Concentrating of urine. plus Acidification of Urine.
# what will happen if body water increased or decreased the role of collecting and distal convulated tube.
Creatinine clearance may be used as indicator for GFR because:
Creatinine is endogenously produced.
Creatinine is released into body fluid at constant rate.
Its plasma level maintained within narrow limits.
Its plasma level not affected by dietary factors
Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
Rancidification
The complete or incomplete oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, or moisture or by bacterial action, resulting in unpleasant taste and odor.
Pathways of Rancidification
Three pathways
• Hydrolytic
Hydrolytic rancidity refers to the odor that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids are released. This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst, leading to the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol. In particular, short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are malodorous.
• Oxidative
Oxidative rancidity is associated with the degradation by oxygen in the air. The double bonds of an unsaturated fatty acid can be cleaved by free-radical reactions involving molecular oxygen. This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Because of the nature of free-radical reactions, the reaction is catalyzed by sunlight.
• Microbial
Microbial rancidity refers to a water-dependent process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria or molds, use their enzymes such as lipases to break down fat. By destroying or inhibiting microorganisms, pasteurization (sterilization) and addition of antioxidant ingredients, such as vitamin E, can reduce this process.
# Diluting & Concentrating of urine. plus Acidification of Urine.
# what will happen if body water increased or decreased the role of collecting and distal convulated tube.
Creatinine clearance may be used as indicator for GFR because:
Creatinine is endogenously produced.
Creatinine is released into body fluid at constant rate.
Its plasma level maintained within narrow limits.
Its plasma level not affected by dietary factors
Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
Rancidification
The complete or incomplete oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, or moisture or by bacterial action, resulting in unpleasant taste and odor.
Pathways of Rancidification
Three pathways
• Hydrolytic
Hydrolytic rancidity refers to the odor that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids are released. This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst, leading to the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol. In particular, short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are malodorous.
• Oxidative
Oxidative rancidity is associated with the degradation by oxygen in the air. The double bonds of an unsaturated fatty acid can be cleaved by free-radical reactions involving molecular oxygen. This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Because of the nature of free-radical reactions, the reaction is catalyzed by sunlight.
• Microbial
Microbial rancidity refers to a water-dependent process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria or molds, use their enzymes such as lipases to break down fat. By destroying or inhibiting microorganisms, pasteurization (sterilization) and addition of antioxidant ingredients, such as vitamin E, can reduce this process.
Obtaining sample of exfoliated cells (dead cells that are shed) of cervix and simple test to look at cervical cells
Also called Papanicolaou tests or cervical cytology
The specimen should be obtained 2 weeks after the first day of LMP taken by brushing or scraping
Purpose of pap smear test
.To detect early cancer of the cervix
To determine estrogen activity related to menopause or endocrine abnormalities.
Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labor.
Also called “Eutocia”
DELIVERY is expulsion or extraction of a viable fetus out of the womb .
It is not synonymous with labor
Delivery can take place without labor as in elective caesarean section
It may be vaginal, either spontaneous or aided or it may be abdominal
Labor is called normal if it fulfils the following criteria's:
Spontaneous and at term
With vertex presentation
Without undue prolongation
Natural termination with minimal aids
Without having any complications affecting the health of a mother and/or baby
ABNORMAL LABOR
Any deviation from the definition of normal labor is called as abnormal labor
Thus labor in a case with presentation other than vertex or having some complications even with vertex presentation affecting the normal course of labor or modifying the nature of termination or affecting the health of mother or baby is called abnormal labor.
Starvation is defined medically in two parts that is: The act or process of starving and the condition of being starved, while ‘Neglect’ is defined as – to fail to give due care, attention, or time to someone an adult/ a child especially.
Japanese encephalitis_6th batch_NAIHS_Devlop ShresthaDevlop Shrestha
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito borne encephalitis caused by group B arbovirus
Zoonotic disease
Transmitted by the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes
No man to man transmission of disease
No man to mosquito spread of disease
pathogenesis
Virus enters the body through the bite of mosquitoes
After multiplication in local and regional lymph nodes, viremia of varying duration occurs
Virus is transported to target organ (brain) via blood
Virus proliferate and damages the neuronal tissues , thereby elicits nervous manifestation
The first historic mention of Japanese encephalitis occurred during the
“summer encephalitis” outbreaks in the late 1870s. The next documented
epidemic in Japan occurred in 1924 with 6,125 human cases resulting in
3,797 human deaths (62% case-fatality rate). The virus was first isolated
in Japan in 1935 from a fatal human case of encephalitis. In 1938, the
virus was first isolated from its primary vector species, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus.
In 1940, JE was first identified in China, and in 1949 it was identified in
Korea during a major epidemic that resulted in 5,548 human cases. In
1954 the virus was recognized in India and a major epidemic occurred in
1978 with over 6,000 human cases. In 1983 in South Korea, JE
immunizations started in children as young as age 3 except in endemic
areas where the vaccine was recommended in children even younger.
From 1983 to 1987 the JE vaccine was available in the U.S. on an
investigational basis.
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Medical procedure
Bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination.
Presentation on:
Describe the gross anatomy of heart under following: external features, surface markings and areas of auscultation.
List the components of examination of Cardiovascular System.
Define cardiac cycle and its phases.
Define venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, preload, afterload and ejection fraction with their normal range.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
