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IRJET - Simultaneous Estimation of Pyrimethamine and Sulfamethoxypyrazine in a Marketed Formulation by using Chromatography
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IRJET - Simultaneous Estimation of Pyrimethamine and Sulfamethoxypyrazine in a Marketed Formulation by using Chromatography
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3449 Simultaneous Estimation of Pyrimethamine and Sulfamethoxypyrazine In a Marketed Formulation by using Chromatography Abdul Sattar Khan1, Dr. Nutan Rao2* 1Student, Department of Quality Assurance, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai (affiliated to university of Mumbai), India. 2Associate Professor, Department of Quality Assurance, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai (affiliated to university of Mumbai), India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: The current research work explains the simultaneous estimation and validation of Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine present in a marketed formulation by using RP-HPLC. The chromatographic conditions for the separation was optimized on C18 inertsil column (250mm× 4.6mm i.d, 5µm particle size). The mobile phase used was potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10mmol ) and Acetonitrile in the ratio of (70:30) with pH 3.5 using ortho phosphoric acid by isocratic method at a flow rate of 1ml/min, injection volume was10µl, column temperature was maintained at 25°c and pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine were detected at 221 nm using an ultraviolet(UV) visible detector. The retention time was found to be 5.340 min and 9.260 min for Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness and forced degradation studies. Key words: Pyrimethamine, sulfamethoxypyrazine, Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, Validation, Forced degradation studies. INTRODUCTION Pyrimethamine is 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine [1]. It works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate reductase of plasmodia and there by blocking the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are essential for DNA synthesis and cell multiplication, and gradually reduces the schizogony of malarial parasite in blood [2]. Chemical Formula: C12H13ClN4 [3]. Fig. 1: Chemical structure of Pyrimethamine [2] Sulfamethoxypyrazine is 4-amino-N-(3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl) benzenesulfonamide [4]. Sulfamethoxypyrazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate of the enzyme is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid [5]. Chemical formula: C11H12N4O3S [6]. Fig. 2: Chemical structure of Sulfamethoxypyrazine [6]
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3450 Combination of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine (Lari 500) is used for Malaria, Bacterial infections, Irritation and redness in membrane covering the eye, Parasitic disease, Malaria infections, Urinary tract infections and other conditions [7]. The present work was carried to develop a new method according to ICH guidelines which was precise, accurate, rapid, and cost effective and to validate the method for simultaneous estimation of Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine. Material and methods Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine were procured as a gift sample from Piramal enterprises limited, Mumbai. LARI 500 (pyrimethamine-25 mg and sulfamtehoxypyrazine-500 mg) tablet purchased from local pharmacy. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (Merck), ortho phosphoric acid (Merck), Methanol (HPLC grade), Hydrogen Peroxide (Merck), Hydrochloric acid (Merck), Sodium hydroxide (Merck), and Milli Q water. Instrumentation Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC module, HPLC column C18 inertsil column (250mm× 4.6mm i.d, 5µm particle size) were used for the method development and validation, Kroma Tech (KL-1.5) sonicator was used for sonication, PH meter (LAB INDIA), UV 1800 ( Schimadzu), Digital balance (Conitech). Chromatographic condition The separation of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine was carried out using Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC module system with C18 inertsil column (250mm× 4.6mm i.d, 5µm particle size). The mobile phase used was potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10 mmol) and Acetonitrile in the ratio of (70:30) with pH 3.5 using ortho phosphoric acid using isocratic method at a flow rate of 1ml/min, injection volume was 10µl, column temperature was maintained at 25°c, and pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine were detected at 221 nm using an ultraviolet(UV) visible detector. Selection of wavelength Standard solution of pyrimethamine (10 ppm) and sulfamethoxypyrazine (10 ppm) were prepared and scanned by UV spectrophotometer separately, in the range of 200-400nm . The 221 nm wavelength was selected as detection wavelength for the separation of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3: UV Spectra of Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine Preparation of standard stock solution Standard stock solution was prepared by dissolving 50 mg of sulfamethoxypyrazine in a 50 ml volumetric flask about 30 ml of diluents was added, sonicated for 5 min and then volume was made up with the diluent. 10 ml of the above solution was further diluted into a 50 ml volumetric flask (giving 200 ppm of sulfamethoxypyrazine).
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3451 5 mg of pyrimethamine was dissolved into a 50 ml volumetric flask about 30 ml of diluents was added, sonicated for 5 min and then volume was made up with the diluent. 5 ml of the above solution was further diluted into the same 50 ml volumetric flask (giving 10 ppm of pyrimethamine). Preparation of sample solution 5 tablets were weighed, crushed and the average weight of each tablet was calculated. The weight equivalent was transferred into a 50 ml volumetric flask about 30 ml of diluent was added, sonicated for 10 mins to dissolve and then the volume was made up with diluent filtered through 0.45µ filter. Method validation The developed method for pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine was validated for parameter such as system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and solution stability as per ICH guidelines [8-11]. Forced degradation studies Forced degradation studies include the degradation of new drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than accelerated conditions. These studies illustrate the chemical stability of the molecule which further facilitates the development of stable formulation with suitable storage conditions. ICH guidelines demonstrate certain degradation conditions like light, oxidation, dry heat, acidic, basic and hydrolysis etc [12]. For acid and alkali stress condition 2ml of 1N HCL and 2ml of 1N NaOH were added respectively to the sample solution and kept for 2hr, for oxidative degradation 2ml of 30% H2O2 was added and kept for 2hr for water hydrolysis 2ml of Milli q water was added kept for 2hr. Thermal degradation was performed by keeping the sample solution in a petridish and placing in an oven at 60°C for 2 hr. Method development A series of trials were carried out using different mobile phases such as acetonitrile: water (50:50), methanol: water (50:50), and buffer: methanol (60:40) using different column such as prontosil, inertsil ODS and shim pack C18 column to develop RP- HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine in a marketed tablet dosage form. Finally, a typical chromatogram was obtained using potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10mmol): Acetonitrile (70:30) (pH 3.5 by using orthophosphoric acid) as mobile phase on C18 inertsil column (250mm× 4.6mm i.d, 5µm particle size) with injection volume of 10 l at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The run time was 12 min and the column temperature was maintained at 25° C and detection was carried out at 221 nm. The retention time was 5.340 min and 9.260 min for pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine respectively. Typical chromatograms of standard and sample solution of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The same developed method was applied for force degradation studies of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine marketed tablet dosage form. The optimized chromatographic conditions are tabulated in table1.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3452 Table 1. Optimized chromatography condition for pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine Parameters Optimized conditions Mobile phase potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10mmol): (70:30), PH 3.5 with OPA Acetonitrile Diluent Methanol (100%) Column C18 inertsil (250mm× 4.6mm i.d, 5µm particle size) Column temperature 25℃ Wavelength 221 nm Flow rate 1ml/min Injection volume 10µl Run time 12 mins Retention time 5.340 min and 9.260 min Fig. 4: Typical chromatogram of a standard mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3453 Fig. 5: Typical chromatogram of a sample of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine System suitability System suitability testing is an integral part of many analytical procedures. The tests are based on the concept that the equipment, electronics analytical operations and samples to be analysed constitute an integral system that can be evaluated as such. System suitability test parameters to be established for a particular procedure depend on the type of procedure being validated [13]. System suitability was done by injecting six replicates injection of the standard solution and retention time, tailing factor, and number of theoretical plates were evaluated. The standard solution of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine were prepared as per the above method. system suitability results are tabulated in Table 2. Table 2: System suitability results Parameters Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine Tailing factor 1.03 1.01 Retention time (mins) 5.34 9.26 Number of theoretical plates 5140 4213 Linearity The linearity of a method is a check of how well a calibration plot of response vs. concentration estimate a straight line. Linearity can be determined by performing single measurements at several analyte concentrations [14]. The linearity of the developed method was determined at different concentration levels ranging from 80-120% for pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine. The linearity curve was constructed by plotting peak area versus concentration and the regression coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 for pyrimethamine and 0.999 for sulfamethoxypyrazine. From linearity results, it was found that the developed method is linear (Fig. 6 and 7). Result are shown in table 3.
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3454 Table no 3: linearity results for pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine Sr.no Concentration Level (%) Peak areas Pyrimethamine sulfamethoxypyrazine 1 80 1702308 6170719 2 90 1921876 6924147 3 100 2120893 7654084 4 110 2340809 8375059 5 120 2550087 9172748 Correlation (r2) 0.999 0.999 Fig. 6: Linearity graph of Pyrimethamine Fig. 7: Linearity graph of sulfamethoxypyrazine
7.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3455 Precision The precision of an analytical procedure may be defined as the degree of agreement among individual test results when the procedure is applied repeatedly to multiple samplings [15]. The system precision and method precision were performed by injecting six injections of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine standard and sample of the same concentration. The percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) was calculated from the chromatogram area and it should be less than 2%. From precision result, it was found that the method is precise. The data of system and method precision are tabulated in Table 4. Table 4: System precision results Sr. No. Peak area Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD %RSD 2145697 2155492 2144835 2146524 2143319 2146528 2147066 4301 0.20 7734084 7756986 7732659 7745698 7789456 7712459 7745224 26270 0.34 Table 5: Method precision results Sr. No. % Assay Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD %RSD 99.00 99.80 99.90 99.70 99.90 99.00 99.20 0.42 0.42 99.50 100.50 99.20 99.80 99.20 99.20 99.60 0.52 0.52 Accuracy Accuracy shows the nearness of agreement between the value which is received either as a traditional true value or an accepted reference value and the value found [16]. The accuracy of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine was performed by calculating recovery studies of the test sample at three different concentration levels (80%, 100%, 120%). The mean percentage recovery for pyrimethamine and
8.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3456 sulfamethoxypyrazine was found to be within a limit of 98-102%, and from percentage recovery results, it was found that the developed method is accurate. The percentage recovery results are tabulated in Table 6 and 7. Table 6. % recovery of pyrimethamine Level % recovery Average SD %RSD 80% 99.60 99.20 0.57 0.57 98.60 99.60 100% 99.00 99.20 0.46 0.46 99.80 99.00 120% 98.90 98.50 0.34 0.34 98.30 98.30 Table 7. % recovery of sulfamethoxypyrazine Level % recovery Average SD %RSD 80% 99.20 98.90 0.58 0.58 98.20 99.20 100% 99.20 99.60 0.53 0.53 100.20 99.40 120% 99.50 99.00 0.40 0.40 98.80 98.80 Specificity Specificity is the ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the presence of components which may be expected to be present [18]. The specificity of the analytical method was determined by injecting the same concentration of standard solution and same concentration of sample solution. The chromatogram obtained were specific and separate from each other. Assay For assay of marketed formulation (Lari 500: Pyrimethamine 25 mg, sulfamethoxypyrazine 500 mg) 5 tablets were weighed, crushed and equivalent weight was transferred into a 50 ml volumetric flask about 30 ml of diluent was added, sonicated for 10 mins to dissolve and then the volume was made up with diluent filtered through 0.45µ filter. 5 ml of the above solution was further diluted into a 50 ml volumetric flask. The percentage assay for the marketed formulation was found to be 99.20% for Pyrimethamine and 99.70% for sulfamethoxypyrazine respectively shown in Table 8.
9.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3457 Table 8. %Assay of marketed formulation Tablet Drug %Assay Lari 500 Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine 99.20 99.70 Solution stability Sample solution of Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine was injected at different time intervals and percentage assay was calculated. It was found that solution was stable over a period of 15 hr without any degradation of the solution. Stability results are shown in Table 9. Table 9. Solution stability results Time interval %Assay Pyrimethamine sulfamethoxypyrazine Initial 100.30 99.90 10 hr 100.20 99.90 15 hr 100.30 100.20 Robustness Robustness is the ability of the procedure to provide analytical results of acceptable accuracy and precision under variety of conditions [18]. The developed method was evaluated for robustness by small deliberate changes in optimized method parameters such as flow rate (±0.1 ml/min) and temperature (±2℃). It was found that none of the above parameters caused an alteration in the peak area and retention time. The %RSD was found to be within the limits, and the method was found to be robust. The robustness results are shown in table 10. Table 10: Robustness results Parameters Proposed Variation Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine %Assay Flow rate 1.0 ml/min 0.9 ml/min 99.30 99.80 1.1 ml/min 99.00 99.50 Temperature 25°C 23°C 99.60 99.80 27°C 99.50 99.40 Forced degradation studies Forced degradation studies were carried out on pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine marketed tablet formulation by treating the marketed formulation under stress conditions such as acidic, alkaline, hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal condition
10.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3458 to estimate the ability of the developed method to separate pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine from its degradation product as shown in Fig. 8-12. The forced degradation results are within the limit and it is tabulated in table 11. Acid degradation studies In acid degradation, 2ml of 1N HCL was added into sample solution and kept for 2hr and the chromatogram was recorded to detect the stability of sample (Fig. 8). A degradant peak was seen at 2.260 min. Fig. 8: Acid degradation chromatogram Alkali degradation studies In alkali degradation, 2ml of 1N NaOH was added into sample solution and kept for 2 hr. The chromatogram was recorded to detect the stability of sample (Fig. 9). Fig. 9: Basic degradation chromatogram Oxidative degradation In oxidative degradation, 2ml of 30% H2O2 was added into sample solution and kept for 2hr. The chromatogram was recorded to detect the stability of sample (Fig.10).
11.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3459 Fig. 10: Oxidative degradation chromatogram Thermal degradation studies In thermal degradation, sample solution was kept in a petri plate and placed in an oven at 60° C for 2 hr. The chromatogram was recorded to detect the stability of sample (Fig. 11). Fig. 11: Thermal degradation chromatogram Hydrolysis degradation In water hydrolysis, 2ml of Milli Q water was added into sample solution and kept for 2 hr. The chromatogram was recorded to detect the stability of sample (Fig. 12).
12.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3460 Fig. 12: Hydrolysis degradation chromatogram Table 11: Forced degradation results Conditions % Assay Pyrimethamine Sulfamethoxypyrazine Control sample Acid treated sample Base treated sample Heat treated sample Peroxide treated sample Water treated sample 99.20 98.70 98.90 99.30 99.10 99.40 99.70 99.40 99.30 99.50 99.65 99.80 CONCLUSION A new RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation has been developed and successfully validated for Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The above RP-HPLC method allows for novel, precise, accurate, robust and reliable estimation of drugs simultaneously in combined dosage form. Method was validated as per ICH guidelines and RSD for all parameters was found to be within limits, the developed method can be used for routine quantitative simultaneous estimation of Pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine in pharmaceutical preparation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to Piramal Enterprises Limited, Saki vihar for providing a great platform and facility to conduct research work and providing free gift samples of pyrimethamine and sulfamethoxypyrazine. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION All the authors have contributed equally. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors claim that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
13.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3461 REFERENCES: 1. Pai Sanjay PN, Dian Cynella, Sawant Neelam. Development and Valaidation of a RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine in Combined Dosage Tablets. Indian Journal of Pharmeceutical Education and Research, 2016; 50(3): 489-94. 2. Sandhya A., B. Siva sai Kiran, M. Suneetha, SK. Muneer, M. Mahesh. Method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of pyrimethamine in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage forms by using uv spectroscopy. Internation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive, 2018; 6(2): 06-11. 3. Available from: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00205 Accessed on 5th Dec 2019. 4. Lokhande Manohar V., Gupta Mukesh Kumar, Rathod Nitin G. Characterization and quantitative determination of process related impurities in sulfamethoxypyrazine by some analytical techniques. International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 3(4): 37-48. 5. Available from: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00664 Accessed on 5th Dec 2019. 6. Available from: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/198951/13/13_chapter-4.pdf Accessed on 7th Dec 2019. 7. Available from: https://www.tabletwise.com/lari-tablet Accessed on 7th Dec 2019. 8. International Conference on Harmonization. Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (Q1AR2). International Conference on Harmonization. Geneva: IFPMA; 2003. 9. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceutical for Human use. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Test and Methodology. ICH; 2005. 10. Food and Drug Administration. Reviewer Guidance Validation of Chromatographic Methods. Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Food and Drug Administration; 1994. P. 2. 11. Food and Drug Administration. ORA Validation and Verification Guidance for human Drug Analytical Methods. Food and Drug Administration; 2003. P. 1. 12. Farah Iram, Huma Iram, Azhar Iqbal, Asif Husain. Forced Degradation studies. Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 3(6): 1-5. 13. ICH Topic Q2 (R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology. 14. Panchumarthy Ravisankar, Ch. Naga Navya, D. Pravallika, D. Navya Sri. A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validation. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, Oct 2015; 5(10):07-19. 15. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-samplingof- current-approaches/validation-of-analytical-methods Accssed on 8th Dec 2019. 16. Patel Munjal, Patel Dhagash A, Dr. Gajra Balram. Validation of Analytical Procedure: Methodology. IJPI, 2011; 1(2): 41- 50. 17. Lavanya G, Sunil M, Eswarudu MM, Eswaraiah MC, Harisudha K and Spandana BN. Analytical Method Validation, 2013; 4(4): 1280-86. 18. Available from: https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2010/12/analytical-method-validation.html accessed on 10th Dec 2019.
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