This document describes the implementation of a low power flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using an adiabatic logic based double tail comparator. It first provides background on flash ADCs and their components. It then discusses resistor ladder networks, comparators including single tail, conventional double tail, and dynamic double tail comparator designs. It proposes using an adiabatic logic approach to design a double tail comparator for reduced power consumption. The flash ADC would combine the resistor ladder, adiabatic logic comparator, and a fat tree encoder. Simulation results showed the circuit could operate with a 1.2V supply voltage.
Comparator holds a dominant place in fast ADC circuit for the conversion of analog to digital signal. In this modernized digital world every utilization circuits requires an ADC’s with low power to consumption. This in turn reflects in the design of comparators during the design process of the fast ADC circuits, scope is due to the higher number of comparator usage. As the technologies are scaling down, the number of transistor per unit area increases, so that the sub threshold leakage current increases which leads to power consumption in any circuit. This sources the project idea to design a comparator. It is presumed during the design that, it consumes low power in its double tail configuration which when replaces an inverter circuit in latch stage of the double tail comparator by a sleepy inverter. This presumption is validated through the analysis of the simulation results. The power consumption of the designed proposed double tail comparator is 30μw when compared to 35 μw in the conventional type. 2-bit flash ADC circuit is designed and analyzed under two different configurations of the double tail comparator. From the results, it is clear that the power consumption of the ADC circuit designed with proposed sleepy inverter based double tail comparator is observed to be 45mw.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
ADCMT Products Selection Guide
Digital Electrometers
System
Digital Multimeters
Optical Measuring Instruments
DC Voltage Current Source/Monitors
Modular & Multifunction Instrument
https://www.n-denkei.com/singapore/inquiry/
Simulation of Power Electronic Converter Circuits Using COM3LAB Learning Soft...ijtsrd
Power electronics concepts are difficult to explain using conventional teaching tools. Use of COMB3LAB software in teaching provides additional support forvisual representations of power converter circuits operation and waveforms. Models of different power electronics converters are prepared on COMB3LAB software and generate simulation waveforms. This paper is helpful for the faculty of electrical engineering to find the various applications of COM3LAB software in teaching Khin Myo Aye"Simulation of Power Electronic Converter Circuits Using COM3LAB Learning Software in Teaching: A Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15780.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15780/simulation-of-power-electronic-converter-circuits-using-com3lab-learning-software-in-teaching-a-case-study/khin-myo-aye
This document presents a soft-switching two-switch resonant AC-DC converter that achieves high power factor and efficiency. The converter integrates a boost power factor correction circuit with a two-switch resonant converter. This allows it to achieve soft-switching, reduce component stress, and recycle energy stored in transformer leakage inductance. Simulation results show the converter achieves a power factor of 0.9 and soft-switching of the main switches and output diodes to reduce losses. The converter provides high efficiency power conversion with a simple control scheme.
A Single-Stage High-Frequency Isolated Secondary- Side Controlled AC-DC Conve...IDES Editor
This paper presents a new single-stage highfrequency
isolated ac-dc converter that uses a simple control
circuit. It is well suitable for wide input variation power
sources. The circuit configuration combines a diode rectifier,
boost converter and half-bridge dc-dc resonant converter. A
high power factor is achieved by discontinuous current mode
(DCM) operation of the front-end integrated power factor
correction circuit. The output voltage is regulated by fixedfrequency,
secondary-side phase-shift active rectifier. Softswitching
operation is achieved for all the switches. This
converter operates in three modes, which is classified
according to conduction of different switches and diodes. The
intervals of operation and steady-state analysis are presented
in detail. Design example of a 100 W proposed converter is
given together with its simulation and experiment results for
wide variation in input voltage.
Brushless DC motor is a synchronous machine that makes use of electronic commutation instead of mechanical commutator. Brushless DC motors makes use of inverter encompassing static switches for its operation. A simple bridge converter when used for BLDC drive as front end converter makes input source power factor to get reduced which is unacceptable in the power system. To avoid the distortions in the source voltage and source currents, Buck converter which was used as power factor correction (PFC) converter in this paper to improve the power factor. Presence of power electronic converters deteriorates system power factor effecting overall system performance. This paper presents buck converter for power factor correction in brushless DC motor drive system. Buck converter is operated with current control strategy rather to conventional voltage follower control. Simulation model was obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the brushless DC motor performance characteristics were shown for conditions with different DC link voltages and step variation in DC link voltage. Total harmonic distortion in source current was also presented.
The document describes experiments on rectifier and clipping circuits. It includes circuit diagrams and designs for a center tap full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier, and various clipping circuits using diodes. Procedures are provided to study the circuits, measure voltages, and compare results to theoretical values. Design examples are given for rectifiers and clipping circuits to meet specified output voltages and clipping levels.
Comparator holds a dominant place in fast ADC circuit for the conversion of analog to digital signal. In this modernized digital world every utilization circuits requires an ADC’s with low power to consumption. This in turn reflects in the design of comparators during the design process of the fast ADC circuits, scope is due to the higher number of comparator usage. As the technologies are scaling down, the number of transistor per unit area increases, so that the sub threshold leakage current increases which leads to power consumption in any circuit. This sources the project idea to design a comparator. It is presumed during the design that, it consumes low power in its double tail configuration which when replaces an inverter circuit in latch stage of the double tail comparator by a sleepy inverter. This presumption is validated through the analysis of the simulation results. The power consumption of the designed proposed double tail comparator is 30μw when compared to 35 μw in the conventional type. 2-bit flash ADC circuit is designed and analyzed under two different configurations of the double tail comparator. From the results, it is clear that the power consumption of the ADC circuit designed with proposed sleepy inverter based double tail comparator is observed to be 45mw.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
ADCMT Products Selection Guide
Digital Electrometers
System
Digital Multimeters
Optical Measuring Instruments
DC Voltage Current Source/Monitors
Modular & Multifunction Instrument
https://www.n-denkei.com/singapore/inquiry/
Simulation of Power Electronic Converter Circuits Using COM3LAB Learning Soft...ijtsrd
Power electronics concepts are difficult to explain using conventional teaching tools. Use of COMB3LAB software in teaching provides additional support forvisual representations of power converter circuits operation and waveforms. Models of different power electronics converters are prepared on COMB3LAB software and generate simulation waveforms. This paper is helpful for the faculty of electrical engineering to find the various applications of COM3LAB software in teaching Khin Myo Aye"Simulation of Power Electronic Converter Circuits Using COM3LAB Learning Software in Teaching: A Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15780.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15780/simulation-of-power-electronic-converter-circuits-using-com3lab-learning-software-in-teaching-a-case-study/khin-myo-aye
This document presents a soft-switching two-switch resonant AC-DC converter that achieves high power factor and efficiency. The converter integrates a boost power factor correction circuit with a two-switch resonant converter. This allows it to achieve soft-switching, reduce component stress, and recycle energy stored in transformer leakage inductance. Simulation results show the converter achieves a power factor of 0.9 and soft-switching of the main switches and output diodes to reduce losses. The converter provides high efficiency power conversion with a simple control scheme.
A Single-Stage High-Frequency Isolated Secondary- Side Controlled AC-DC Conve...IDES Editor
This paper presents a new single-stage highfrequency
isolated ac-dc converter that uses a simple control
circuit. It is well suitable for wide input variation power
sources. The circuit configuration combines a diode rectifier,
boost converter and half-bridge dc-dc resonant converter. A
high power factor is achieved by discontinuous current mode
(DCM) operation of the front-end integrated power factor
correction circuit. The output voltage is regulated by fixedfrequency,
secondary-side phase-shift active rectifier. Softswitching
operation is achieved for all the switches. This
converter operates in three modes, which is classified
according to conduction of different switches and diodes. The
intervals of operation and steady-state analysis are presented
in detail. Design example of a 100 W proposed converter is
given together with its simulation and experiment results for
wide variation in input voltage.
Brushless DC motor is a synchronous machine that makes use of electronic commutation instead of mechanical commutator. Brushless DC motors makes use of inverter encompassing static switches for its operation. A simple bridge converter when used for BLDC drive as front end converter makes input source power factor to get reduced which is unacceptable in the power system. To avoid the distortions in the source voltage and source currents, Buck converter which was used as power factor correction (PFC) converter in this paper to improve the power factor. Presence of power electronic converters deteriorates system power factor effecting overall system performance. This paper presents buck converter for power factor correction in brushless DC motor drive system. Buck converter is operated with current control strategy rather to conventional voltage follower control. Simulation model was obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the brushless DC motor performance characteristics were shown for conditions with different DC link voltages and step variation in DC link voltage. Total harmonic distortion in source current was also presented.
The document describes experiments on rectifier and clipping circuits. It includes circuit diagrams and designs for a center tap full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier, and various clipping circuits using diodes. Procedures are provided to study the circuits, measure voltages, and compare results to theoretical values. Design examples are given for rectifiers and clipping circuits to meet specified output voltages and clipping levels.
IRJET- Implementation of Modified H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Topology f...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new seven-level inverter topology based on a modified H-bridge converter for use in solar photovoltaic systems. The proposed topology requires only eight switches to generate seven voltage levels, compared to twelve switches needed in conventional cascaded H-bridge topologies. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology, showing it can produce a seven-level output voltage waveform with less than 2% total harmonic distortion using a small filter. Experimental validation with a 10W solar panel and resistive load verifies the simulation results.
This document provides a laboratory manual for experiments in a Microwave and Digital Communication lab. It includes 12 experiments covering topics like the characteristics of reflex klystron tubes, Gunn diodes, directional couplers, standing wave ratio measurements, and digital modulation techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying. The manual provides the objectives, theoretical background, experimental procedures, observations tables and questions for each experiment.
Design and analysis of boost converter with cld celleSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the output voltage in renewable energy sources is improved by using DC-DC converter topology. Basically Boost
converter is used for improving the voltage gain. In this converter switching frequency is limited, hence the output voltage is
reduced. To overcome this issue, by using the boost converter with CLD cell is proposed .In this proposed paper for comparing
the voltage stress and efficiency by using two converters topology. For the duty ratio of 0.5 the output voltage is compared with
the conventional boost converter.
Keywords- Boost Converter, Boost Converter with CLD, Voltage Stress
This document describes the design of a non-ideal buck converter circuit. Key aspects include:
- The buck converter steps down the voltage from a 350V LiPo battery to 48V for a lead acid battery.
- Components are selected to handle non-idealities like resistance and voltage drops. These include a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor.
- Calculations are done to determine duty cycle, inductor value, and capacitor value based on specifications like output voltage, current, and power.
- A Pspice simulation is used to validate the circuit design and analyze performance considering component non-idealities.
The document describes an experiment to design and test a full wave bridge rectifier circuit. It includes:
1) A list of required equipment including a transformer, diodes, resistor, capacitor, and oscilloscope.
2) An explanation of how a full wave bridge rectifier works using 4 diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the AC input.
3) The procedure to connect the circuit, observe the input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope, and measure the output voltage and ripple factor both with and without a filter capacitor.
4) The results show that the ripple factor is reduced when a filter capacitor is added.
The manual is useful for PG students belongs to ME power Electronics and Drives
By
M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor & Head / EIE,
Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
Fundamentals of power electronics [presentation slides] 2nd ed r. erickson wwnedjaabachir
The document is the introduction chapter of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" by Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic. It introduces power electronics and discusses applications, elements, and goals of high efficiency. It also covers devices available to circuit designers like resistors, capacitors, magnetics, and semiconductor switches. A simple example is presented to convert a 100V input to a 50V, 10A output using a dissipative realization and a switched-mode approach.
ZVZCS Based High Frequency Link Grid Connected SVM Applied Three Phase Three ...IAES-IJPEDS
This article proposes a newly proposed highly effective Zero Voltage and Zero Current switching based Front end converter with a High Frequency Transformer with a Three Phase Three Level Diode Clamped Inverter in photovoltaic applications. The switching scheme is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink condition. ZVZCS condition is achieved. This type of converter shows high efficiency and very negligible switching loss. Finally ZVZCS based High Frequency Link Diode Clamped Inverter is connected to Grid. An MCI optimized Current controller is used with SVM switching technique. In This article, responses with three types of controllers (I, PI, PID) have been examined and compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness, and validity of this technique.
Distribution and Load Sharing of Transformer Automatically by using Microcont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for automatically distributing load and sharing load between transformers using a microcontroller. The system monitors the load on the main transformer and connects additional transformers in parallel when the load exceeds the rating of the main transformer to prevent overloading. It uses current transformers to sense the load, a microcontroller to compare the load to a threshold and control relays, and relays to connect additional transformers as needed. When the load is heavy, the second transformer connects to help share the extra load, and a third transformer can connect if needed. The system aims to protect transformers from overloading and overheating while providing uninterrupted power by automatically distributing the load across multiple transformers.
The document discusses specifications for linear power supplies, focusing on accuracy, stability, and AC characteristics. It describes key specifications such as setting accuracy, load regulation, ripple and noise, and transient response. Understanding these specifications is important for choosing a power supply suited for a given application.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
This document discusses specifications for linear power supplies. It begins by explaining that linear power supplies reliably deliver stable, precise, and clean voltage and current no matter the load. It then describes the key specifications that fall into three categories: accuracy and resolution, stability, and AC characteristics. Accuracy specifications include setting accuracy, resolution, readback accuracy, and resolution. Stability specifications include load regulation, line regulation, and temperature stability. AC characteristic specifications include ripple, noise, and transient response.
Modeling & analysis of standalone photovoltaic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents the three phase Photovoltaic system connected with variable load in a standalone mode’s mathematical modeling using MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The system consist of a PV Array, Boost converter, three phase inverter and its control to maintain load in standalone mode. The 40 kW systems at the college site is under the study with a variable inductive load of 30kW which has to be fed by PV system in continuous mode .This paper gives analysis of each components of system while maintaining the load. The constant and boosted DC voltage is obtained with the help of boost converter from PV Array. The three phase IGBT inverter PWM control scheme is proposed here to normalize the voltage imbalance during variable load. Keywords: Photovoltaic System, Boost Converter, IGBT Inverter, and PI Controller etc…
IRJET-Comparative Analysis of Rectangular and Square Column for Axial loading...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit to generate high voltage from a low input voltage. The circuit uses a ladder network of capacitors and diodes to multiply the input voltage in successive stages. The document discusses the design considerations for components based on expected output voltage and current. It also presents the simulation results showing the output voltage increasing with each stage up to 100kV at the final stage, along with the associated ripple voltage. The summary concludes that the designed circuit provides a small, low-cost way to generate high voltages for laboratory applications.
42 30 nA Comparative Study of Power Semiconductor Devices for Industrial PWM ...IAES-IJPEDS
This document compares the performance of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for use in industrial pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. SPICE simulations were conducted to analyze the static and dynamic characteristics of a 1200V SiC MOSFET and a similar 1200V IGBT at different temperatures and gate resistances. The results show that the SiC MOSFET has lower conduction and switching losses than the Si IGBT. In particular, the SiC MOSFET exhibits lower drain-source voltage, higher switching speeds, and smoother switching waveforms. This makes the SiC MOSFET a more efficient choice than the Si IGBT
This document discusses the design, simulation, and analysis of a PWM-based buck converter for low power applications. It begins with an introduction to linear regulators and switching regulators, explaining that switching regulators have higher efficiency. It then provides details on the components and operation of a basic buck converter circuit. The document describes open loop and closed loop buck converter designs, continuous and discontinuous operating modes, and simulations of a buck converter in MATLAB to maintain a constant output voltage of 7.995V with less than 4% ripple. It analyzes the performance of the converter using a PID controller to regulate the output based on variations in load and input voltage.
This document describes the implementation of a bandgap reference circuit. It was designed by M. Lingadhar Reddy under the guidance of Mr. G. Shiva Kumar at GITAM University in Hyderabad, India from 2013-2015. The document outlines the basic operation of a bandgap reference circuit, which produces a reference voltage that is stable over changes in temperature, supply voltage, and process parameters. It discusses the tool and technology used, different approaches to bandgap references, and details the design and simulation results of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier and final bandgap reference circuit implemented in a 90nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso.
The document proposes a new high step up interleaved DC-DC converter with a voltage multiplier module for a photovoltaic grid system. The system takes a low DC voltage input, typically from a solar panel, and boosts it to a high DC voltage using the converter. It then uses an inverter to convert the high DC voltage to AC. A filter is used to reduce distortion before connecting the output to a load. The proposed converter achieves a high step up ratio without an extreme duty cycle by integrating a conventional boost converter and voltage multiplier module. This design reduces current stress on components and improves efficiency compared to existing boost converter approaches. Simulation results show it can boost a 40V input to 331V output with up to
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IRJET- A Novel High Speed Power Efficient Double Tail Comparator in 180nm...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel double tail comparator design that aims to improve speed and power efficiency over existing comparator designs. It first discusses conventional comparator designs and their limitations at lower voltages. It then introduces a new 16 transistor double tail comparator configuration that includes control transistors, intermediate transistors, and NMOS switches to reduce power and delay. Simulation results show the transient response and estimate the power and delay of the new design, demonstrating performance improvements over conventional designs. The design was laid out using the Cadence Virtuoso tool.
A low-power 2-bit/step operation technique is proposed which uses dynamic threshold configuring comparator instead of multiple digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Power and area overhead is minimized by successively activated comparators. The comparator threshold is configured by simple Vcm biased current source, which keep the ADC free from power supply variations over 10%. To implement power efficient and high performance analog-to-digital converters the designers are urged to design an optimized dual tail comparator. In this paper, It is shown that in the proposed dual tail comparator both the power and delay time is significantly reduced.
IRJET- Implementation of Modified H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Topology f...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new seven-level inverter topology based on a modified H-bridge converter for use in solar photovoltaic systems. The proposed topology requires only eight switches to generate seven voltage levels, compared to twelve switches needed in conventional cascaded H-bridge topologies. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology, showing it can produce a seven-level output voltage waveform with less than 2% total harmonic distortion using a small filter. Experimental validation with a 10W solar panel and resistive load verifies the simulation results.
This document provides a laboratory manual for experiments in a Microwave and Digital Communication lab. It includes 12 experiments covering topics like the characteristics of reflex klystron tubes, Gunn diodes, directional couplers, standing wave ratio measurements, and digital modulation techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying. The manual provides the objectives, theoretical background, experimental procedures, observations tables and questions for each experiment.
Design and analysis of boost converter with cld celleSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the output voltage in renewable energy sources is improved by using DC-DC converter topology. Basically Boost
converter is used for improving the voltage gain. In this converter switching frequency is limited, hence the output voltage is
reduced. To overcome this issue, by using the boost converter with CLD cell is proposed .In this proposed paper for comparing
the voltage stress and efficiency by using two converters topology. For the duty ratio of 0.5 the output voltage is compared with
the conventional boost converter.
Keywords- Boost Converter, Boost Converter with CLD, Voltage Stress
This document describes the design of a non-ideal buck converter circuit. Key aspects include:
- The buck converter steps down the voltage from a 350V LiPo battery to 48V for a lead acid battery.
- Components are selected to handle non-idealities like resistance and voltage drops. These include a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor.
- Calculations are done to determine duty cycle, inductor value, and capacitor value based on specifications like output voltage, current, and power.
- A Pspice simulation is used to validate the circuit design and analyze performance considering component non-idealities.
The document describes an experiment to design and test a full wave bridge rectifier circuit. It includes:
1) A list of required equipment including a transformer, diodes, resistor, capacitor, and oscilloscope.
2) An explanation of how a full wave bridge rectifier works using 4 diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the AC input.
3) The procedure to connect the circuit, observe the input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope, and measure the output voltage and ripple factor both with and without a filter capacitor.
4) The results show that the ripple factor is reduced when a filter capacitor is added.
The manual is useful for PG students belongs to ME power Electronics and Drives
By
M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor & Head / EIE,
Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
Fundamentals of power electronics [presentation slides] 2nd ed r. erickson wwnedjaabachir
The document is the introduction chapter of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" by Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic. It introduces power electronics and discusses applications, elements, and goals of high efficiency. It also covers devices available to circuit designers like resistors, capacitors, magnetics, and semiconductor switches. A simple example is presented to convert a 100V input to a 50V, 10A output using a dissipative realization and a switched-mode approach.
ZVZCS Based High Frequency Link Grid Connected SVM Applied Three Phase Three ...IAES-IJPEDS
This article proposes a newly proposed highly effective Zero Voltage and Zero Current switching based Front end converter with a High Frequency Transformer with a Three Phase Three Level Diode Clamped Inverter in photovoltaic applications. The switching scheme is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink condition. ZVZCS condition is achieved. This type of converter shows high efficiency and very negligible switching loss. Finally ZVZCS based High Frequency Link Diode Clamped Inverter is connected to Grid. An MCI optimized Current controller is used with SVM switching technique. In This article, responses with three types of controllers (I, PI, PID) have been examined and compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness, and validity of this technique.
Distribution and Load Sharing of Transformer Automatically by using Microcont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for automatically distributing load and sharing load between transformers using a microcontroller. The system monitors the load on the main transformer and connects additional transformers in parallel when the load exceeds the rating of the main transformer to prevent overloading. It uses current transformers to sense the load, a microcontroller to compare the load to a threshold and control relays, and relays to connect additional transformers as needed. When the load is heavy, the second transformer connects to help share the extra load, and a third transformer can connect if needed. The system aims to protect transformers from overloading and overheating while providing uninterrupted power by automatically distributing the load across multiple transformers.
The document discusses specifications for linear power supplies, focusing on accuracy, stability, and AC characteristics. It describes key specifications such as setting accuracy, load regulation, ripple and noise, and transient response. Understanding these specifications is important for choosing a power supply suited for a given application.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
This document discusses specifications for linear power supplies. It begins by explaining that linear power supplies reliably deliver stable, precise, and clean voltage and current no matter the load. It then describes the key specifications that fall into three categories: accuracy and resolution, stability, and AC characteristics. Accuracy specifications include setting accuracy, resolution, readback accuracy, and resolution. Stability specifications include load regulation, line regulation, and temperature stability. AC characteristic specifications include ripple, noise, and transient response.
Modeling & analysis of standalone photovoltaic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents the three phase Photovoltaic system connected with variable load in a standalone mode’s mathematical modeling using MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The system consist of a PV Array, Boost converter, three phase inverter and its control to maintain load in standalone mode. The 40 kW systems at the college site is under the study with a variable inductive load of 30kW which has to be fed by PV system in continuous mode .This paper gives analysis of each components of system while maintaining the load. The constant and boosted DC voltage is obtained with the help of boost converter from PV Array. The three phase IGBT inverter PWM control scheme is proposed here to normalize the voltage imbalance during variable load. Keywords: Photovoltaic System, Boost Converter, IGBT Inverter, and PI Controller etc…
IRJET-Comparative Analysis of Rectangular and Square Column for Axial loading...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit to generate high voltage from a low input voltage. The circuit uses a ladder network of capacitors and diodes to multiply the input voltage in successive stages. The document discusses the design considerations for components based on expected output voltage and current. It also presents the simulation results showing the output voltage increasing with each stage up to 100kV at the final stage, along with the associated ripple voltage. The summary concludes that the designed circuit provides a small, low-cost way to generate high voltages for laboratory applications.
42 30 nA Comparative Study of Power Semiconductor Devices for Industrial PWM ...IAES-IJPEDS
This document compares the performance of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for use in industrial pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. SPICE simulations were conducted to analyze the static and dynamic characteristics of a 1200V SiC MOSFET and a similar 1200V IGBT at different temperatures and gate resistances. The results show that the SiC MOSFET has lower conduction and switching losses than the Si IGBT. In particular, the SiC MOSFET exhibits lower drain-source voltage, higher switching speeds, and smoother switching waveforms. This makes the SiC MOSFET a more efficient choice than the Si IGBT
This document discusses the design, simulation, and analysis of a PWM-based buck converter for low power applications. It begins with an introduction to linear regulators and switching regulators, explaining that switching regulators have higher efficiency. It then provides details on the components and operation of a basic buck converter circuit. The document describes open loop and closed loop buck converter designs, continuous and discontinuous operating modes, and simulations of a buck converter in MATLAB to maintain a constant output voltage of 7.995V with less than 4% ripple. It analyzes the performance of the converter using a PID controller to regulate the output based on variations in load and input voltage.
This document describes the implementation of a bandgap reference circuit. It was designed by M. Lingadhar Reddy under the guidance of Mr. G. Shiva Kumar at GITAM University in Hyderabad, India from 2013-2015. The document outlines the basic operation of a bandgap reference circuit, which produces a reference voltage that is stable over changes in temperature, supply voltage, and process parameters. It discusses the tool and technology used, different approaches to bandgap references, and details the design and simulation results of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier and final bandgap reference circuit implemented in a 90nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso.
The document proposes a new high step up interleaved DC-DC converter with a voltage multiplier module for a photovoltaic grid system. The system takes a low DC voltage input, typically from a solar panel, and boosts it to a high DC voltage using the converter. It then uses an inverter to convert the high DC voltage to AC. A filter is used to reduce distortion before connecting the output to a load. The proposed converter achieves a high step up ratio without an extreme duty cycle by integrating a conventional boost converter and voltage multiplier module. This design reduces current stress on components and improves efficiency compared to existing boost converter approaches. Simulation results show it can boost a 40V input to 331V output with up to
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IRJET- A Novel High Speed Power Efficient Double Tail Comparator in 180nm...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel double tail comparator design that aims to improve speed and power efficiency over existing comparator designs. It first discusses conventional comparator designs and their limitations at lower voltages. It then introduces a new 16 transistor double tail comparator configuration that includes control transistors, intermediate transistors, and NMOS switches to reduce power and delay. Simulation results show the transient response and estimate the power and delay of the new design, demonstrating performance improvements over conventional designs. The design was laid out using the Cadence Virtuoso tool.
A low-power 2-bit/step operation technique is proposed which uses dynamic threshold configuring comparator instead of multiple digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Power and area overhead is minimized by successively activated comparators. The comparator threshold is configured by simple Vcm biased current source, which keep the ADC free from power supply variations over 10%. To implement power efficient and high performance analog-to-digital converters the designers are urged to design an optimized dual tail comparator. In this paper, It is shown that in the proposed dual tail comparator both the power and delay time is significantly reduced.
Review on Automatic Power Factor Improvement of Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for automatic power factor improvement of induction motors. It begins with an abstract discussing the purpose of designing new techniques for power factor improvement in 3-phase and single-phase induction motors. The document then reviews the various components involved in an automatic power factor improvement system using a microcontroller, including the power supply, zero crossing detectors, microcontroller, electromagnetic relays, LCD display, capacitor bank, and software details. It concludes that power factor correction techniques can make power systems more stable and efficient while reducing costs when using a microcontroller.
IRJET- Design Simulation and Control of Utility Grid Connected Solar Photovol...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a MATLAB model of a utility grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) array system. It uses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to optimize the power output of the PV modules.
2) An MPPT algorithm is implemented using a DC-DC boost converter to ensure the PV modules operate at their maximum power point despite changing solar irradiance and weather.
3) The boost converter feeds a three-level inverter to convert the DC power to AC and synchronize it with the utility grid frequency. The model is studied under varying solar conditions.
Comparators are basic building elements for designing modern analog and mixed signal systems. Speed and resolution are two important factors which are required for high speed applications. This paper presents a design for an on chip high-speed dynamic latched comparator for high frequency signal digitization. The dynamic latched comparator consists of two cross coupled inverters comprising a total of 9 MOS transistors. The measured and simulation results show that the dynamic latched comparator design has higher speed, low power dissipation and occupying less active area compared to double tail latched and preamplifier based clocked comparators. A new fully dynamic latched comparator which shows lower offset voltage and higher load drivability than the conventional dynamic latched comparators has been designed. With two additional inverters inserted between the input-stage and output-stage of the conventional double-tail dynamic comparator, the gain preceding the regenerative latch stage was improved and the complementary version of the output-latch stage, which has bigger output drive current capability at the same area, was implemented.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLE TAIL COMPARATOR USING A LOW POWER GATING TECHNI...RK CONSULTANCY SERVICES
Comparator techniques are the basic elements of designing the modern Analog and varied mixed signals systems. The speed and area is the main factors of high speed applications. Various types of dynamic double tail comparators is compared to an in terms of Delay, Area, Power, Glitches, Speed and average times. The accuracy of comparators is mainly defined by power consumption and speed. The comparators are mainly achieving by the overall higher performance of ADC. The High speed comparator is fully suffered from low voltage supply. Threshold voltage devices are not scaled at the same times, as the supply voltage of the devices. In modern CMOS technologies the double tail comparator is designed by a using the dynamic method it mainly reduces the power and voltages. The analytical expression methods it can obtain an intuitions about the contributors, comparators delay and explore the trade off dynamic comparator designs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study and implementation of comparator in cmos 50 nm technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the comparator circuits used in FLASH Analog to digital converter (ADC). The performance of FLASH ADC is greatly influenced by the choice of comparator. In this paper, first a single ended “Threshold Inverter Quantizer” (TIQ) is presented. The TIQ comparator is based on a CMOS inverter cell, in which voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) are changed by systematic transistor sizing. However, TIQ comparator is very sensitive to power supply noise. Another comparator circuit presented in this paper is “Two stage open loop comparator”. It is implemented in 50 nm CMOS Technology. Pre-simulation of comparator is done in LT-Spice and post layout simulation is done in Microwind 3.1. Keywords: CMOS, Comparator, TIQ (Threshold Inverter Quantizer), LT-Spice.
Extremely high duty cycle of boost converter may result in higher conduction losses. To achieve a high
conversion ratio without operating at extremely high duty ratio, some converters based on transformers or coupled
inductors or tapped inductors have been provided. However, the leakage inductance in the transformer, coupled
inductor or tapped inductor will cause high voltage spikes in the switches and reduce system efficiency. A novel
single switch cascaded dc-dc converter of boost and buck boost converters have extended voltage conversion ratio
to d/(1-d)2. The features of the converter are high voltage gain; only one switch for realizing the converter, the
number of magnetic components is small etc. So comparing with other topologies cascaded converter is more
effective. Simulation of the converter for a dc input voltage and fixed duty cycle was done, and the same was
verified experimentally for a low input voltage. The software used for simulation was MatlabR2014a
This document summarizes a novel interleaved boost converter proposed for photovoltaic power generation systems. The converter aims to reduce switching losses and voltage stress across switches compared to conventional interleaved boost converters. It achieves this by adding a coupling capacitor in series with one switch, which lowers the voltage stress on that switch and provides softer switching. Simulation results on a 0.5kW prototype verify that the proposed converter reduces voltage stress on one switch and achieves softer switching. The converter is also shown to effectively track the maximum power point using a perturb and observe control method under changing solar irradiation levels.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPI...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) for battery-powered devices using MATLAB simulation. A SEPIC converter can both boost and buck voltages from the battery, providing a steady output voltage as the battery discharges. The document discusses SEPIC converter topology, duty cycle considerations, inductor selection, and simulates a SEPIC converter in MATLAB. The simulation shows the SEPIC converter providing a regulated 15.32V output from a 20V input with 76.6% efficiency.
Design of 6 bit flash analog to digital converter using variable switching vo...VLSICS Design
This paper presents the design of 6-bit flash analog to digital Converter (ADC) using the new variable
switching voltage (VSV) comparator. In general, Flash ADCs attain the highest conversion speed at the
cost of high power consumption. By using the new VSV comparator, the designed 6-bit Flash ADC exhibits
significant improvement in terms of power and speed of previously reported Flash ADCs. The simulation
result shows that the converter consumes peak power 2.1 mW from a 1.2 V supply and achieves the speed of
1 GHz in a 65nm standard CMOS process. The measurement of maximum differential and integral
nonlinearities (DNL and INL) of the Flash ADC are 0.3 LSB and 0.6 LSB respectively.
IRJET- Designing of Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter for Solar P...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and modeling of a Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) DC-DC converter for photovoltaic applications. A SEPIC converter is proposed to boost or buck the variable voltage from a solar panel to meet load requirements. An incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used for better efficiency. The converter output is fed to a sinusoidal pulse width modulation inverter to convert DC to AC for AC loads. The SEPIC converter design and component selection process is explained. The system is modeled and tested using MATLAB/Simulink software and shown to reduce ripple current and provide a non-inverted output voltage compared to other converter types.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An improved design of CMOS dynamic latch comparator with dual input dual output with a simple
design of three stages is represented. The basic disadvantages of latch type comparators are overcome by
producing an edge triggered comparison. The circuit is designed for a resolution of 300nV and the power
consumption is reduced to 450uW. It is designed for 1.8V DC supply voltage and 1 MHz clock frequency for
PVT variations. The simulation of the comparator is done in Cadence® Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
using 180nm technology. The error quotient is reduced less than 5% by adding a buffer stage. The delay is
brought down to 5nS. The active area appreciably is reduced. Layout of the proposed comparator has been
simulated in Cadence® Virtuoso Layout XL Design Environment. DRC and LVS have been verified.
Finite Step Model Predictive Control Based Asymmetrical Source Inverter with ...IJERD Editor
This paper presents techniques of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) implemented with finite step model predictive control (FSMPC) for the application of Asymmetrical Γ -source inverter. Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm and FSMPC model is developed to control the output current of the grid-tied Inverter. Both steady-state and transient results show that the high efficiency and robust response of the proposed control technique. Impedance-source inverters are inverters with voltage buck- boost capability that cannot be achieved by the traditional inverters. Their boost capability is introduced by shorting their phase-legs without causing damages. Impedance-source inverters are therefore less prone to false triggering caused by electromagnetic interference. The asymmetrical Γ -source inverters proposed in the paper, whose gain is raised by lowering their turns ratio towards unity. Input current drawn by the proposed inverters is smoother and hence more adaptable by the source.
Series Voltage Compensator Modeling and Design for Reduction of Grid-Tie Sola...IRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-tie solar inverter system with a series voltage compensator connected to the DC link to reduce the required capacitance of the DC-link capacitor. The voltage compensator generates an AC voltage that counters the ripple voltage on the output of the boost converter, keeping a stable DC voltage at the input of the grid-tie inverter. This allows the use of smaller, more reliable capacitors for the DC link or extends the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors. Mathematical analysis is presented on the static and dynamic behavior of the system. Experimental results from a 2kW prototype validate the theoretical predictions. The performance and cost of the system using electrolytic capacitors with and without the compensator are compared.
IRJET- Five Level Inverter based Single Phase to Three Phase ConverterIRJET Journal
This document describes a five-level inverter based single phase to three phase power converter system. The system uses a bridge rectifier to convert the single phase AC input to DC, which is then fed to three inverters to generate three phase AC output. Each inverter uses pulse width modulation (PWM) and a multilevel topology to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output. An isolation transformer is used to provide isolation between the inverter outputs and allow connection of the three phase load. Simulation results showed the converter can power a three phase motor from a single phase supply with 13.41% THD, low enough for motor operation.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH SWITCHING MECHANISM AND COURSE RE...ijesajournal
The proposed work presents an Energy-efficient, low dropout (LDO) regulator with switching mechanism reduces the energy consumption of IoT devices when the sensors are in idle time. Based on the analysis of IoT devices and sensors, modern power management designs for IoT demands for fully integrated solutions to decrease power consumption while maintaining the quick transient response to signal variations. LDO voltage regulators, as power management devices should adjust to modern technological and industrial trends. To increase the current capability with a minimum standby quiescent current under small-signal operation, the proposed work has a switching circuit acting as an ON and OFF switch. To reduce the dropout a course regulator and loop filter is added and circuit is enhanced for maximum reduced dropout. As a result, the efficiency gets increased.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH SWITCHING MECHANISM AND COURSE RE...ijesajournal
The proposed work presents an Energy-efficient, low dropout (LDO) regulator with switching mechanism
reduces the energy consumption of IoT devices when the sensors are in idle time. Based on the analysis of
IoT devices and sensors, modern power management designs for IoT demands for fully integrated solutions
to decrease power consumption while maintaining the quick transient response to signal variations. LDO
voltage regulators, as power management devices should adjust to modern technological and industrial
trends. To increase the current capability with a minimum standby quiescent current under small-signal
operation, the proposed work has a switching circuit acting as an ON and OFF switch. To reduce the
dropout a course regulator and loop filter is added and circuit is enhanced for maximum reduced dropout.
As a result, the efficiency gets increased.
Similar to IRJET- Implementation of Low Power Flash ADC using Adiabatic Logic based Double Tail Comparator (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio