Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods. Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document summarizes various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. It describes clustering algorithms such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering (LEACH), Event-to-Sink Directed Clustering, K-means algorithm, Load Balanced Clustering scheme, and Weight-Based Clustering protocols. These clustering techniques aim to improve network lifetime and energy efficiency by distributing load evenly and reducing data redundancy in wireless sensor networks. The document concludes that Weight Based Clustering technique is the most efficient as it avoids selecting low energy nodes as cluster heads, but it can sometimes generate unnecessary extra cluster heads.
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
This document outlines various clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN). It begins by defining keywords related to HWSN and challenges in these networks, such as limited energy and heterogeneous hardware. The goals of clustering protocols are then discussed, including load balancing, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. Various clustering methods, attributes and models are classified. Examples of heterogeneous resources, impacts and performance measures are provided. The document also lists relevant conferences, simulators and laboratories, and provides author details.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document discusses clustering in wireless sensor networks. It begins with introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their architecture and applications. It then discusses the objective of clustering in wireless sensor networks, which is to minimize energy dissipation and maximize network lifetime. Various clustering algorithms are described, including LEACH and EEUC. EEUC is an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm that forms clusters of unequal size to reduce energy consumption of nodes farther from the base station. The document concludes that EEUC helps balance energy consumption among nodes and improves network lifetime.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document summarizes various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. It describes clustering algorithms such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering (LEACH), Event-to-Sink Directed Clustering, K-means algorithm, Load Balanced Clustering scheme, and Weight-Based Clustering protocols. These clustering techniques aim to improve network lifetime and energy efficiency by distributing load evenly and reducing data redundancy in wireless sensor networks. The document concludes that Weight Based Clustering technique is the most efficient as it avoids selecting low energy nodes as cluster heads, but it can sometimes generate unnecessary extra cluster heads.
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
This document outlines various clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN). It begins by defining keywords related to HWSN and challenges in these networks, such as limited energy and heterogeneous hardware. The goals of clustering protocols are then discussed, including load balancing, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. Various clustering methods, attributes and models are classified. Examples of heterogeneous resources, impacts and performance measures are provided. The document also lists relevant conferences, simulators and laboratories, and provides author details.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document discusses clustering in wireless sensor networks. It begins with introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their architecture and applications. It then discusses the objective of clustering in wireless sensor networks, which is to minimize energy dissipation and maximize network lifetime. Various clustering algorithms are described, including LEACH and EEUC. EEUC is an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm that forms clusters of unequal size to reduce energy consumption of nodes farther from the base station. The document concludes that EEUC helps balance energy consumption among nodes and improves network lifetime.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
An Analysis of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol for ...IJERD Editor
Wireless sensor network is an emerging field leading to the various applications worldwide. Small nodes being used are capable enough to sensing, computation, collection and forwarding the data to the Base Station. Battery source is one of the most prominent concerning issue in making the sensor network running for performing various assigned tasks. This battery source has all business with the routing strategies being employed. Here in this paper the routing protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is being reviewed to explore the advancements in clustering strategies. LEACH is being the first clustering protocol which selects the cluster head in each round and thereby balancing the energy consumption throughout the network. The work in the paper focus to discuss various variants of LEACH aiming to enhance the network life-time.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved clustering technique called Optimized Fair-Zone LEACH (OFZ-LEACH) for wireless sensor networks. OFZ-LEACH uses an exponential moving average to predict node mobility and identify cluster head movement. This helps overcome issues in the original LEACH protocol like hidden clusters and link failures caused by node mobility. Simulation results show that OFZ-LEACH achieves higher packet delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delay, and extends network lifetime compared to the original LEACH and Fair-Zone LEACH protocols.
Energy efficient cluster head selection in LEACH protocolARUNP116
This document presents a summary of an energy efficient cluster head selection method for the LEACH protocol in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the LEACH protocol and its phases/operations. It also identifies weaknesses in the standard LEACH approach. The authors then propose selecting two cluster heads based on residual energy to perform data gathering, aggregation, and transmission to the base station. Cluster heads would be selected considering residual energy and distance factors to balance energy consumption across the network. This proposed approach aims to improve system efficiency and prolong the network lifetime.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
Study On Energy Efficient Centralized Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor N...Al Imran, CISA
This document summarizes a study on developing an energy efficient centralized routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on LEACH-C. It proposes a new protocol that uses a modified parallel simulated annealing algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that distributes energy usage more evenly among sensor nodes. The protocol aims to maximize network lifetime and minimize energy dissipation. Initial simulation results show it performs better than LEACH and LEACH-C in terms of increasing the number of nodes alive over time. Further work could improve its performance even more.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It uses a centralized k-means clustering algorithm to form clusters based on minimizing total energy. The base station calculates relevant information for each node, including total network energy, distance to neighbor nodes, and cluster assignment. Nodes then use this information to probabilistically elect cluster heads within each cluster in a distributed manner. The algorithm considers both energy levels and communication distances to select optimal cluster heads. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in network lifetime, stability period, and energy efficiency.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
The document proposes a new routing protocol called Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (STB-EE) for wireless sensor networks. STB-EE partitions the sensor field into dynamic sectors to balance the number of nodes per cluster. Within each sector, STB-EE constructs a minimum spanning tree to connect nodes and reduce long-distance communication. STB-EE selects cluster heads based on remaining energy and distance to the base station. Simulation results show STB-EE can improve network lifespan by about 15-16% compared to other protocols.
This document summarizes several cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks that aim to improve energy efficiency. It discusses both pre-established protocols like LEACH, EEHC, and HEED, as well as on-demand protocols like Passive Clustering and Energy Level-based Passive Clustering. For each protocol, it describes the key ideas such as random cluster head election, using residual energy to select cluster heads, and rotating cluster head roles to balance energy load among nodes. The document concludes that hierarchical routing protocols can improve energy efficiency but optimal clustering parameters and handling of network dynamics are still challenges.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Performance evaluation of variants of particle swarm optimization algorithms ...Aayush Gupta
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and energy efficient routing protocols. It provides background on the challenges of WSNs including limited energy. It describes that communication is the most energy expensive activity and multihop transmission can help. It then discusses the LEACH routing protocol, a hierarchical clustering protocol, including its phases and stochastic threshold algorithm for selecting cluster heads. It proposes adapting k-means clustering for LEACH to select cluster heads more efficiently and compares performance of random LEACH versus adaptive k-means LEACH.
IRJET- Study on Hierarchical Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Routing in Wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and explaining that energy efficiency is a key challenge due to limited battery power. It then discusses clustering structures commonly used in wireless sensor networks, including hierarchical clustering where clusters form larger clusters in a tree structure. The document goes on to describe several hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols - LEACH, PEGASIS and TEEN - and compares their approaches to routing data to extend network lifetime. It concludes that these protocols each have advantages and disadvantages depending on the network topology, and that cluster formation and communication between clusters requires further research.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Secure and efficient data transmission for cluster based wireless sensor networkRaja Shekhar
Wireless sensor network plays an vital role in research. clustering is introduced to enhance the performance of the WSNs. Cluster is nothing but a group of sensor nodes. Each cluster is having an one cluster head. Clusters are formed periodically, randomly and dynamically. Cluster concept introduced in wireless sensor network to increase the life cycle of sensor nodes,reduce / decrease the computational overhead and less power consumption.
IEEE base paper 2014 march go through completely for more information.
An Analysis of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol for ...IJERD Editor
Wireless sensor network is an emerging field leading to the various applications worldwide. Small nodes being used are capable enough to sensing, computation, collection and forwarding the data to the Base Station. Battery source is one of the most prominent concerning issue in making the sensor network running for performing various assigned tasks. This battery source has all business with the routing strategies being employed. Here in this paper the routing protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is being reviewed to explore the advancements in clustering strategies. LEACH is being the first clustering protocol which selects the cluster head in each round and thereby balancing the energy consumption throughout the network. The work in the paper focus to discuss various variants of LEACH aiming to enhance the network life-time.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved clustering technique called Optimized Fair-Zone LEACH (OFZ-LEACH) for wireless sensor networks. OFZ-LEACH uses an exponential moving average to predict node mobility and identify cluster head movement. This helps overcome issues in the original LEACH protocol like hidden clusters and link failures caused by node mobility. Simulation results show that OFZ-LEACH achieves higher packet delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delay, and extends network lifetime compared to the original LEACH and Fair-Zone LEACH protocols.
Energy efficient cluster head selection in LEACH protocolARUNP116
This document presents a summary of an energy efficient cluster head selection method for the LEACH protocol in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the LEACH protocol and its phases/operations. It also identifies weaknesses in the standard LEACH approach. The authors then propose selecting two cluster heads based on residual energy to perform data gathering, aggregation, and transmission to the base station. Cluster heads would be selected considering residual energy and distance factors to balance energy consumption across the network. This proposed approach aims to improve system efficiency and prolong the network lifetime.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
Study On Energy Efficient Centralized Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor N...Al Imran, CISA
This document summarizes a study on developing an energy efficient centralized routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on LEACH-C. It proposes a new protocol that uses a modified parallel simulated annealing algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that distributes energy usage more evenly among sensor nodes. The protocol aims to maximize network lifetime and minimize energy dissipation. Initial simulation results show it performs better than LEACH and LEACH-C in terms of increasing the number of nodes alive over time. Further work could improve its performance even more.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It uses a centralized k-means clustering algorithm to form clusters based on minimizing total energy. The base station calculates relevant information for each node, including total network energy, distance to neighbor nodes, and cluster assignment. Nodes then use this information to probabilistically elect cluster heads within each cluster in a distributed manner. The algorithm considers both energy levels and communication distances to select optimal cluster heads. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in network lifetime, stability period, and energy efficiency.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
The document proposes a new routing protocol called Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (STB-EE) for wireless sensor networks. STB-EE partitions the sensor field into dynamic sectors to balance the number of nodes per cluster. Within each sector, STB-EE constructs a minimum spanning tree to connect nodes and reduce long-distance communication. STB-EE selects cluster heads based on remaining energy and distance to the base station. Simulation results show STB-EE can improve network lifespan by about 15-16% compared to other protocols.
This document summarizes several cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks that aim to improve energy efficiency. It discusses both pre-established protocols like LEACH, EEHC, and HEED, as well as on-demand protocols like Passive Clustering and Energy Level-based Passive Clustering. For each protocol, it describes the key ideas such as random cluster head election, using residual energy to select cluster heads, and rotating cluster head roles to balance energy load among nodes. The document concludes that hierarchical routing protocols can improve energy efficiency but optimal clustering parameters and handling of network dynamics are still challenges.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Performance evaluation of variants of particle swarm optimization algorithms ...Aayush Gupta
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and energy efficient routing protocols. It provides background on the challenges of WSNs including limited energy. It describes that communication is the most energy expensive activity and multihop transmission can help. It then discusses the LEACH routing protocol, a hierarchical clustering protocol, including its phases and stochastic threshold algorithm for selecting cluster heads. It proposes adapting k-means clustering for LEACH to select cluster heads more efficiently and compares performance of random LEACH versus adaptive k-means LEACH.
IRJET- Study on Hierarchical Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Routing in Wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and explaining that energy efficiency is a key challenge due to limited battery power. It then discusses clustering structures commonly used in wireless sensor networks, including hierarchical clustering where clusters form larger clusters in a tree structure. The document goes on to describe several hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols - LEACH, PEGASIS and TEEN - and compares their approaches to routing data to extend network lifetime. It concludes that these protocols each have advantages and disadvantages depending on the network topology, and that cluster formation and communication between clusters requires further research.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Secure and efficient data transmission for cluster based wireless sensor networkRaja Shekhar
Wireless sensor network plays an vital role in research. clustering is introduced to enhance the performance of the WSNs. Cluster is nothing but a group of sensor nodes. Each cluster is having an one cluster head. Clusters are formed periodically, randomly and dynamically. Cluster concept introduced in wireless sensor network to increase the life cycle of sensor nodes,reduce / decrease the computational overhead and less power consumption.
IEEE base paper 2014 march go through completely for more information.
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El documento describe las características de la arquitectura, escultura y pintura barrocas. En resumen, la arquitectura barroca se caracteriza por el dinamismo, el uso de formas clásicas transformadas y abovedamientos cupuliformes. La escultura barroca se caracteriza por el realismo y el naturalismo en la pose, utilizando materiales como mármol y madera. La pintura barroca se caracteriza por el tenebrismo, el dinamismo de los personajes y la exageración de gestos.
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This document contains the personal and professional information of Mirza Farhan Baig. It outlines his educational background, including an intermediate and matriculation degree from schools in Karachi. It details over 12 years of experience as a structural CAD draftsman working with major firms on various commercial, residential, and infrastructure projects in Pakistan, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. It provides a list of skills and software proficiencies including Revit Structure, AutoCAD, Photoshop and Microsoft Office.
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4) Both candidates and companies are increasing their use of mobile for recruiting activities, and mobile optimization will continue to be important.
This document introduces Gabriel Sanabria and summarizes some key aspects of his background and experiences. It discusses that he grew up in a housing project in NYC where he was exposed to a diverse mix of races and ethnicities. It also mentions that he overcame homelessness and substance abuse issues by donating his time to a shelter. His early jobs included being a dishwasher and pizza delivery driver where he faced low wages. He persevered despite challenges and is now attending IC Stars to develop his technology and leadership skills to better provide for his family.
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Sử dụng công nghệ RO và diệt khuẩn UV đem đến sự an tâm cho khách hàng.
EuroPura giải pháp nước sạch tiết kiệm nhất hiện nay và tương la
Lee Cooper has 13 years of experience as an industrial electrician working predominantly in construction, maintenance, fault finding and repair. He has worked on offshore electrical equipment including FPSO vessels, barges, jackups and platforms. He is experienced in hazardous area equipment and seeks to further his career progression as an offshore electrical technician in international roles. He has qualifications in confined space entry, offshore medical training, and electrical courses including PLC programming.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
The document proposes a new method to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. It divides the sensor network environment into two virtual layers based on distance from the base station. It then uses residual energy, distance from base station, and position in the layers as factors in selecting cluster heads. Simulations show the proposed method outperforms LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor energy environments.
Performance Evaluation of Ant Colony Optimization Based Rendezvous Leach Usin...IJERD Editor
- The document discusses the performance evaluation of an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks.
- It proposes using ACO along with rendezvous points and mobile sinks in a clustering protocol called Rendezvous LEACH (RZ LEACH) to optimize energy efficiency and network lifetime.
- Simulation results show that the ACO based RZ LEACH outperforms the original RZ LEACH protocol by prolonging the number of operational nodes and increasing average remaining energy in the network over time.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
Energy balanced improved leach routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
ENERGY-BALANCED IMPROVED LEACH ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKScscpconf
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
An Improved LEACH-C Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in WSN Routingijsrd.com
this paper considered a multi-objective LEACH-C algorithm in the selection of Cluster Head (CH) in such a way so that its energy is used uniformly with load balancing among clusters for delayed disintegration of network. LEACH-C algorithm based single objective clustering approach has been replaced by multi-objective clustering approach where we not only considered the residual energy of nodes but the size of cluster in creating a cluster structure. The improved LEACH-C protocol has been compared with random LEACH and Max Energy LEACH or existing LEACH-C algorithm for energy equi-distribution and load balancing among clusters. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is simulated using a MATLAB programming and power consumption algorithms take into consideration all aspects of power consumption in the operation of the node. The modified LEACH-C routing protocol shows improvements in lifetime as well as in network disintegration criterion
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
SEECH is a secure and energy efficient centralized routing protocol for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. It utilizes a base station to efficiently form clusters based on sensor node energy levels and neighbor information. The base station selects cluster heads that have above average energy and many neighbors. Cluster heads then schedule sensor node transmissions to reduce interference and aggregate and encrypt sensor data before transmitting to the base station or other cluster heads. SEECH aims to prolong network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption through efficient clustering and routing.
This document summarizes several energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the basic components and architecture of wireless sensor networks. It then categorizes routing protocols based on network structure (flat, hierarchical, location-based) and operation (multipath, query-based, etc.). The majority of the document focuses on reviewing hierarchical protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, Hierarchical PEGASIS, and HEED. It provides brief overviews of how these protocols work to reduce energy consumption and extend network lifetime through clustering and data aggregation approaches.
DISSECT AND ENRICH DIVIDE AND RULE SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK TO SOLV...ijsc
In remote sensor system, sensor hubs have the restricted battery power, so to use the vitality in a more
productive manner a few creator's created a few strategies, yet at the same time there is have to decrease
the vitality utilization of hubs. In this paper, we presented another method called as 'Partition and Rule
strategy' to unravel the scope dividing so as to open the system field into subfield and next maintain a
strategic distance from the vitality gap issue with the assistance of static bunching. Essentially, in gap and
run plan system range is isolated into three locales to be specific internal, center and external to conquer
the issue of vitality utilization. We execute this work in NS-2 and our recreation results demonstrate that
our system is far superior than old procedures.
Dissect and Enrich Divide and Rule Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network to Solv...ijsc
In remote sensor system, sensor hubs have the restricted battery power, so to use the vitality in a more productive manner a few creator's created a few strategies, yet at the same time there is have to decrease the vitality utilization of hubs. In this paper, we presented another method called as 'Partition and Rule strategy' to unravel the scope dividing so as to open the system field into subfield and next maintain a strategic distance from the vitality gap issue with the assistance of static bunching. Essentially, in gap and run plan system range is isolated into three locales to be specific internal, center and external to conquer the issue of vitality utilization. We execute this work in NS-2 and our recreation results demonstrate that our system is far superior than old procedures.
Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm based on Expectation Maximization for H...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new energy efficient clustering algorithm for homogeneous wireless sensor networks based on the Expectation Maximization algorithm. The key points are:
1. The algorithm uses unequal clustering where clusters closer to the base station are smaller to balance the network load.
2. Cluster head selection is done using the Expectation Maximization algorithm, which is shown to improve results over LEACH, PEGASIS, and PLEACH protocols.
3. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the number of dead nodes and energy consumption per round compared to existing algorithms.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
CBHRP: A Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkCSEIJJournal
A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol
(CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster
head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to
collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor
nodes and transmits the aggregated results to the distance base station. This protocol reduces energy
consumption quite significantly and prolongs the life time of sensor network. It is found that CBHRP
performs better than other well accepted hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH in term of energy
consumption and time requirement.
Enhanced Routing and Cluster Based Algorithms in WSNs to Improve Communicatio...IJSRED
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates several routing algorithms to improve communication and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses existing routing protocols. It then describes four proposed algorithms: RTP-AMODV, MAODV, MM-LEACH, and E-LEACH. The document outlines the methodology used to simulate and compare the performance of these proposed algorithms against existing routing protocols using metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, and node energy. The results show the enhanced LEACH (E-LEACH) algorithm achieved better performance than the others in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime
Energy Efficient Optimized LEACH-C Protocol using PBO Algorithm For Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an optimized LEACH-C protocol called OLEACH-C that uses a pollination-based optimization (PBO) algorithm to select cluster heads in a wireless sensor network. The goal is to improve energy efficiency and extend the lifetime of the network. It first describes existing hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, and Multi-hop LEACH. It then explains how the proposed OLEACH-C protocol would use the PBO algorithm to select cluster heads based on remaining energy and distance to the base station, aiming to minimize energy consumption during data transmission. The PBO algorithm is inspired by flower pollination processes and aims to optimize cluster head selection. The document argues this approach could
CLUSTERING-BASED ROUTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN SMART GRID ENVIRONMENTijassn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is widely deployed in different fields of applications of smart grid to provide reliable monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. The objective of this paper is simulate and analyze impact of various smart grid environments on performance of four different WSN
routing protocols namely the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Centralized LEACH (LEACT-C) as well as other two conventional protocols namely Minimum Transmission Energy (MTE) and Static Clustering. This analysis would be beneficial in making the correct choice of WSN
routing protocols for various smart grid applications. The performance of the four protocols is simulated using NS-2 network simulation on Ubuntu. The results are analyzed and compared using number of data signals received at base station, energy consumption, and network lifetime as performance metrics. The results show that the performance of various protocols in the smart grid environments have deteriorated due log normal channel characteristics and consequently network lifetime have decreased significantly.
The results also indicate that clustering based routing protocols have more advantageous over conventional protocols; MTE and static clustering. Also, centralized clustering approach is more effective as it distributes energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensor nodes which reduce energy consumption
and prolong the networks’ lifetime. This approach is more effective in delivering data to base station because it has global knowledge of the location and energy of all the nodes in the network.
This document compares and contrasts several common cluster-based routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, TEEN, APTEEN, HEED, and PEGASIS. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm, with a focus on their approaches to energy efficiency. LEACH randomly selects cluster heads and uses TDMA, but assumes equal energy levels and that all nodes can reach the base station. TEEN and APTEEN add thresholds to improve energy efficiency for time-critical applications. HEED selects cluster heads based on both residual energy and node degree to balance energy use. The document provides an overview of the key clustering algorithms and issues to consider when choosing an approach.
IRJET- Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several popular clustering protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. LEACH is an adaptive protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes to reduce transmissions. TEEN is for time-critical networks and introduces hard and soft thresholds. APTEEN combines features of proactive and reactive networks by allowing periodic transmissions and immediate responses to threshold changes. The document analyzes the energy efficiency and performance characteristics of these clustering protocols.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
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Cluster Head Selection for in Wireless Sensor Networks
1. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Sciences (IJCES)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, March-2013, Available at: www.knowledgecuddle.com/index.php/IJCES
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eISSN: 2394-6180
Cluster Head Selection for in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Arth S. Raval
Assistant professor, IT Department,
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology (SVBIT)
arth1390@gmail.com
Abstract: Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental
applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes,
designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data
centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the
energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy
efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due
to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy
efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection
method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is
increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods.
Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging field with lot of applications. Due to its wide applications in the field of
defense security, civilian applications and medical research, there is lot of research going on. One of the advantages of
wireless sensors networks (WSNs) is their ability to operate unattended in harsh environments in which contemporary
human-in-the-loop monitoring schemes are risky, inefficient and sometimes infeasible. Therefore, sensors are expected to
be deployed randomly in the area of interest by a relatively uncontrolled means, e.g. dropped by a helicopter, and to
collectively form a network in an ad-hoc manner [1, 2].
Since WSNs consist of battery-powered devices, the energy efficient network protocols must be designed. Due to
large network size, limited power supply, and inaccessible remote deployment environment, the WSN-based protocols are
different from the traditional wireless protocols. Due to the short range communication and the fact that consumption of
energy is proportional to the square of the distance making communication multi hop instead of direct node tries to
perform computation of data locally so data to be forwarded is reduced, because computation is less expensive then data
transmission in WSNs. This network protocol operation varies from application to application. One routing algorithm
might be good for periodic monitoring while it may not perform well where it will have continuous data sensing. [3]
Data aggregation in WSN is a data transfer technique where multiple data packets from sensor nodes are gathered to a
certain sensor node and combined into a less number of packets. This technique is essential in the wireless sensor
environment because the reduction of data packets enables less usage of wireless transmission modules, reducing energy
consumption, increase network lifetime, and decrease end-to-end delay. Efficient data aggregation techniques can provide
these advantages by ensuring quick and high data aggregation rates, while avoiding excessive use of control packets. The
rest of the paper is organized as follow: Section II describes various existing methods for energy efficient cluster head
selection in wireless sensor networks. Section III describes our proposed method. Section IV describes results and
analysis. Finally conclusion is presented in section V. [4]
II. RELATED WORK
2. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Sciences (IJCES)
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In this section we have focused on the related work that has been done previously by several researchers. Energy
Efficiency for prolonging the WSN has received much focused attention. The various existing methods are described as
follows:
A. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy [5]
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has attracted intensive attention because of its energy
efficient, simplicity and load balancing properties. LEACH is a cluster based protocol. The numbers of cluster heads and
cluster members generated by LEACH are important parameters for achieving better performance. LEACH organizes
nodes into clusters with one node from each cluster serving as a cluster-head (CH). It randomly selects some
predetermined number of nodes as cluster heads. CHs then advertise themselves and other nodes join one of those cluster
heads whose signal they found strongest (i.e. the CH which is nearest to them). In this way a cluster is formed. The CH
then makes a Time Divison Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule for the nodes under its cluster. The communication
between different clusters is done through CHs in a Code Divison Multiple Access (CDMA) manner. The CHs collect the
data from their clusters and aggregate it before sending it to the other CHs or base station (BS). After a predetermined time
lapse, the cluster formation step is repeated so that different nodes are given a chance to become CHs and energy
consumption is thus uniformly distributed.
B. V – Leach [6]
New version of LEACH protocol, the cluster contains; CH, vice–CH, cluster nodes. In the original LEACH, the
CH is always on receiving data from cluster members, aggregate these data and then send it to the BS that might be located
far away from it. The CH will die earlier than the other nodes in the cluster because of its operation of receiving, sending
and overhearing. When the CH die, the cluster will become useless because the data gathered by cluster nodes will never
reach the base station. In V-LEACH protocol, besides having a CH in the cluster, there is a vice-CH that takes the role of
the CH when the CH dies because the reasons we mentioned above by doing this, cluster nodes data will always reach the
BS; no need to elect a new CH each time the CH dies. This will extend the overall network life time. The main problem
with LEACH protocol lies in the random selection of cluster heads. This problem is resolved by using the concept of V-
Leach uses the concept of alternate Cluster Head called Vice Cluster Head. As a Cluster Head dies it is replaced by the
Vice Cluster Head. But in case of Vice Cluster Head Dies, it does not provide solution for that and the network start
reducing the energy very fast and finally the network dies completely.
C. LEACH-F (LEACH with Fixed Clusters) [7]
The advantage of fixed cluster is that once the clusters are formed, there is no set up overhead at the beginning of
each round. Clusters are created using centralized cluster formation algorithm. An approach where the clusters are formed
once and fixed and the cluster head position rotates among the nodes in the cluster may be more energy efficient than
LEACH. The drawback is new nodes cannot be added.
D. PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System [8]
By this author proposed algorithm PEGASIS that is a chain based protocol provide improvement over LEACH
algorithms. In PEGASIS, each node communicates only with a close neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base
station, thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round. Using greedy algorithm, the nodes will be organized to form a
chain, after that BS can compute this chain and broadcast it to all the sensor nodes. Energy saving in PEGASIS over
LEACH takes place by many stages: First, in the local data gathering, the distances that most of the sensor nodes transmit
are much less compared to transmitting to a cluster-head in LEACH. Second, only one node transmits to the BS in each
round of communication. PEGASIS outperforms LEACH by limiting the number of transmissions, eliminating the
overhead of dynamic.
E. Multi hop LEACH [9]
When the network diameter is increased beyond a certain level, LEACH (in which the BS is at single-hop to the
CH) becomes inefficient. In this case energy dissipation of cluster-head is not affordable. To address this problem, authors
introduced the Multi-Hop LEACH which aims to increase energy efficiency of a WSN. Like LEACH, in Multi-Hop
LEACH some nodes elect themselves as CHs and some associate themselves with the elected CHs to complete the cluster
formation in the setup phase. In steady state phase, a CH collects data from all nodes in its cluster and transmits data
directly or through other CH to the BS after aggregation. Multi-Hop LEACH allows two types of communication
3. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Sciences (IJCES)
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eISSN: 2394-6180
operations. These are the inter-cluster communication and the intra-cluster communication. In Multi-Hop intra-cluster
communication, when the whole network is divided into multiple clusters, each cluster has one CH. This CH is responsible
for communication between all nodes in the cluster; it receives data from all nodes at a single-hop distance and
aggregates and transmits the data directly to the BS, or through intermediate CH(s). In Multi-hop inter-cluster
communication, when the distance between the CH and the BS is large, the CH uses intermediate CH(s) to
communicate to the BS.
F. Random competition based clustering (RCC) [10]
The RCC algorithm applies the First Declaration Wins rule, in which any node can „„govern‟‟ the rest of the
nodes in its radio coverage if it is the first to claim being a CH. After hearing the claim which is broadcasted by the first
node, neighboring nodes join its cluster as member and give up their right to be a CH. To maintain clusters, every CH in
the network broadcast a CH claim packet periodically. Since there is a time delay between broadcasting a claim packet and
receiving it, concurrent broadcast can possibly create a conflict. Since random timer is not a complete solution, RCC
resolve further the concurrent broadcast problems by using the node ID. If the conflict persists, node having lower ID will
become the CH. Although frequent node mobility still has direct effect, RCC is shown to be more stable than conventional
clustering schemes.
G. Balanced LEACH [11]
LEACH-B protocol adds a second selection of cluster heads to modify the number cluster-head in the set-up
phase considering the node‟s residual energy per round. In order to save the energy consumption and to prolong the life
span of the network, the protocol needs to ensure that the partition of cluster is balance and uniform. To achieve this goal,
the number of CHs needs to be dominated, and the network needs an optimal CHs amount.
H. Energy Efficient Chain Based Routing [12]
The proposed protocol organizes sensor nodes as a set of horizontal chains and a vertical chain. In each chain, a
node is selected as chain head. For selecting the chain heads in horizontal chains, EECRP considers residual energy of
nodes and distance of nodes from the header of upper level that does not need to reselect leader of the vertical chain. This
causes time and energy saving. In each horizontal chain, sensor nodes transmit their data to their own chain head based on
chain routing mechanism. EECRP also adopts a chain based data transmission mechanism for sending data packets from
the chain heads to the base station.
I. GROUP [13]
GROUP clustering algorithms based on clustering algorithm that provides scalable and efficient packet routing
for large-scale WSNs. Only some parts of total number of sensor nodes participate in formation of cluster heads (CHs). In
this, cluster heads are arranged in a grid manner and primary sink (One of the sink), dynamically and randomly builds the
cluster grid. Greed Seed (GS) is a node within a given radius from the primary sink. Any queries from sink to nodes are
propagated from greed seed to its cluster heads and so on.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In most of the energy efficient routing protocols, nodes selected as cluster heads must broadcast to member nodes
of the clusters to which they belong that they have become cluster heads. As the frequency of rounding and of cluster head
replacement increases, energy consumption increases due to message transmission for broadcasting.
Our goal is to reducing the amount of cluster head selection and replacement cost and ultimately to extend the lifetime of
the entire networks compared with the existing clustering protocols.
BS has knowledge of all
nodes‟ energy
BS selects optimal no. of
CH having highest
remaining energy
BS broadcasts unique ID
of the selected CH to all
the nodes
CH sends data to the
next CH and finally data
reaches to BS
All member nodes report
data to the CH
Each CH forms its own
cluster
4. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Sciences (IJCES)
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Our proposed method is efficient because of the three factors:
(1) Uniform distribution of cluster head.
(2) Multi hops communication.
(3) Cluster head is not replaced during each round.
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
We have implemented our algorithm in MATLAB. Every node in the network belongs to some cluster. The various
parameters we have considered for simulation are as follow:
Network size = 100*100
No. of Nodes = 100
Node deployment: Nodes are randomly deployed in a given area.
We have measured no. of rounds for the proposed method.
J/Node LEACH LEACH-F Proposed
Method
0.25 308 461 532
0.5 576 721 825
0.75 987 1192 1304
1.0 1077 1262 1487
NO. Of Rounds Graph
1) Energy 0.25 J/node 2) Energy 0.5 J/node
3) Energy 0.75 J/node 4) Energy 1.0 J/node
If the energy of the CH
becomes less than the
threshold, then CH is
replaced by the BS
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V. CONCLUSION
Energy Efficiency for prolonging the WSN has received much focused attention. Our proposed method has good
performance due to uniform distribution of cluster head, multi hop communication and not periodically replacement of
cluster head. Our proposed method can be further improved by taking mobility into consideration. Security is an important
and vital requirement. It can be made secure by bringing in some security features.
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