Webinar topic: IPv6 with Mikrotik Presenter: Achmad Mardiansyah In this webinar series, We are discussing IPv6 with Mikrotik Please share your feedback or webinar ideas here: http://bit.ly/glcfeedback Check our schedule for future events: https://www.glcnetworks.com/en/ Follow our social media for updates: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube Channel, and telegram The recording is available On : https://youtu.be/C8Tfh1a9y20

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IPv6 with
mikrotik
GLC Webinar,
15 Apr 2021
Achmad Mardiansyah
achmad@glcnetworks.com
GLC Networks, Indonesia
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Agenda
● Introduction
● Review prerequisite knowledge
● How IP works
● IPv6 on mikrotik
● Live practice
● Q & A
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introduction
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What is GLC?
● Garda Lintas Cakrawala (www.glcnetworks.com)
● Based in Bandung, Indonesia
● Areas: Training, IT Consulting
● Certified partner for: Mikrotik, Ubiquity, Linux foundation
● Product: GLC radius manager
● Regular event
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Trainer Introduction
● Name: Achmad Mardiansyah
● Base: bandung, Indonesia
● Linux user since 1999, mikrotik user since 2007, UBNT
2011
● Mikrotik Certified Trainer
(MTCNA/RE/WE/UME/INE/TCE/IPv6)
● Mikrotik/Linux Certified Consultant
● Website contributor: achmadjournal.com, mikrotik.tips,
asysadmin.tips
● More info:
http://au.linkedin.com/in/achmadmardiansyah
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Past experience
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● 2021 (Congo DRC, Malaysia): network support,
radius/billing integration
● 2020 (Congo DRC, Malaysia): IOT integration,
network automation
● 2019, Congo (DRC): build a wireless ISP from
ground-up
● 2018, Malaysia: network revamp, develop billing
solution and integration, setup dynamic routing
● 2017, Libya (north africa): remote wireless migration
for a new Wireless ISP
● 2016, United Kingdom: workshop for wireless ISP,
migrating a bridged to routed network

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About GLC webinar?
● First webinar: january 1, 2010 (title:
tahun baru bersama solaris - new year
with solaris OS)
● As a sharing event with various topics:
linux, networking, wireless, database,
programming, etc
● Regular schedule
● Irregular schedule: as needed
● Checking schedule:
http://www.glcnetworks.com/schedule
● You are invited to be a presenter
○ No need to be an expert
○ This is a forum for sharing: knowledge,
experiences, information
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Please introduce yourself
● Your name
● Your company/university?
● Your networking experience?
● Your mikrotik experience?
● Your expectation from this course?
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Prerequisite
● This presentation some prerequisite knowledge
● We assume you already understand:
○ How computer network works
○ How routing works
○ IPv4 addressing (subnetting)
○
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Review prerequisite knowledge
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How internet works
A bit of history...
● Initially, research project (’70-’80s) – Open, cooperative, public domain
○ “Rough consensus and running code”
● Then, product of liberalisation (’90s) – Also, catalyst for deregulation
○ Commercial, competitive environment
● Now, public utility and critical infrastructure (since 2000 and beyond)
○ “Internet governance” is a recent afterthought
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Source: APNIC

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Before internet...
● Computer networking already exist… but many are proprietary
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Source: APNIC

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Internet defines a standard for communication
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Source: APNIC

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After internet...
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Source: APNIC

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Why use internet
● Open
○ Free standards and implementations – Low barrier to entry
● Lightweight
○ “Dumb”: simple and efficient
○ Intelligence at the edges: in applications and devices
● Global
○ Uniform, “End-to-End”
● Neutral
○ By default
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Source: APNIC

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Layers in telecommunincations
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Source: APNIC

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Layers in traditional communication
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Source: APNIC

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Layers in internet communication
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Source: APNIC

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We need standards
● Standards operate at different levels of the network “stack”
○ in fact they define the stack
● A standard (or protocol) is simply an agreement
○ among members of a community,
○ on a set of guidelines or rules,
○ which allow cooperation (interoperability),
○ sometimes, in a forum such as ISO, ITU, W3C or IETF.
● An open standard is a standard which is
○ Developed through open and accessible processes
○ Freely accessible, implementable and usable
○ Available without barriers such as licenses and fees.
○ ... “ideally”, at least.
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Source: APNIC

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Addressing, IANA, RIR
● Internet is based on IP (internet protocol) addressing scheme -> RFC791
● Addressing has to be unique.
● We need an international body that regulates IP addressing -> IANA (Internet
Assigned Number Authority)
● IANA delegates (some of its authority) to RIR “Regional Internet Registry”
● RIR delegates to country’s
● Every organisation must have IP address block to join the internet and
build a routing scheme among their equipment
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Internet topology
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Inter-connected networks
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Source: APNIC

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Your ISP and you
● ISP is an organisation that is part of internet that provides connectivity to their
customers
○ Identified by their AS (Autonomous System) number
○ Identified by their IP address block
● When you connect to internet, you will use your ISP’s address
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Your ISP. and you
are part of them
other
ISP
other
ISP
google
facebook

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Encapsulation
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7 OSI layer & protocol
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● OSI layer Is a conceptual model from ISO
(International Standard Organization) for project
OSI (Open System Interconnection)
● When you send a message with a courier, you
need to add more info to get your message arrived
at the destination (This process is called
encapsulation)
● What is protocol
○ Is a set of rules for communication
○ Available on each layer
● Communication consist of series encapsulation
○ SDU: service data unit (before PDU)
○ PDU: protocol data unit (after header is added)

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Layered model (TCP/IP vs ISO) and encapsulation
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/ datagram

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Layer 4 header (which one is TCP?)
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Layer 3 header (which one is IPv4?)
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Ethernet header (which is the MTU?)
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802.11 header
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Did you notice?
● There is a big overhead on encapsulation process
● More encapsulation means less payload?
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Layer 2 vs Layer 3 addressing
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Layer 2 Layer 3
● Burned-in address
● Adjacent communication
● Consist of 48 bit binary,
written in HEX format. 1
HEX = 4 bit
● Unique for every physical
port
● 6 first HEX digit ->
represent the manufacturer
● Logical address
● End-to-end communication
● IPv4 32 bit long
● 2 versions: IPv4 (our focus)
and IPv6
● Consist of network part &
host part
● Can be class based IP
address (without subnet)
● Now it is classless IP
address -> VLSM (variable
length subnet mask)
● CIDR (classless inter
domain routing)

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IP spec (RFC 791)
● Defined long time ago (what 1981?)
● Defines how the IP header looks like
● Still used up to know
● New version -> IPv6
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How the layer 3 address look like?
● IPv4 address is 32 bit long
● Written in binary -> always think in binary
● Displayed to human in decimal every 8 bit (octet).
● Has 2 parts: network part and host part
● Like a phone number 0812 XXXXXXXX -> hierarchical
● All devices in the network will have same network part
● First and last address cannot be used (for network id and broadcast id)
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Network part host part

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Layer 3 connection and addressing
● Devices that uses layer 3 information: router and host
● All devices must have a layer 3 address
● address is hierarchical
○ Network part (e.g. 192.168.0.2/26 -> the first 26 bit of all host in the network will be
the same) -> show the grouping identity -> aka. prefix
○ Host part
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192.168.0.0/26
R1
192.168.0.1/26
192.168.0.3/26
192.168.0.2/26
R3
R2
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.3.3/24
192.168.3.9/24
192.168.2.9/24
192.168.2.2/24
192.168.1.1/24
192.168.1.9/24

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VLSM RFC
● Variable-Length Subnet Masking
(VLSM)
● Can divide an IP address block into
subnets of different sizes using /
(slash) notation
● Solution the in efficient of classful IP
address (fixed length). No more class
A, B, C
● RFC: 1878 (1895)
● Basis for CIDR
● Example: 23.45.0.0/17
○ 23.45.0.0/25
○ 23.45.0.128/25
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CIDR RFC
● CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing
● Provides a new and more flexible way
to specify network addresses in routers
(using slash as notation)
● allow flexible allocation of Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses.
● CIDR lets a routing table entry
represent an aggregation of networks
that exist in the forward path
● Each IP address has a network prefix
that identifies their network
● RFC: 1519
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What is subnet? How to write it?
● A technique for grouping IP address into a
network
● The IP addresses will have similar property:
Network ID (network address / prefix)
● Example: an IP address 192.168.1.78/26.
Meaning:
○ Network ID = 192.168.1.64
○ Submask is 26 bit = 255.255.255.192
○ Broadcast ID = 192.168.1.127
○ Useable address: 192.168.1.65-192.168.1.126
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What are Private, public IP, Network Address Translation?
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Private IP Public IP
● Private IP is used privately (internal
organisation)
● Duplicated in many organisations
● Public IP is used globally (internet)
● Must be unique
● Usually borrowed from ISP (e.g.
ADSL)
NAT

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What is IP bogon?
● IP that is not allowed to be appeared in the internet
● Example: http://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/BOGON_Address_List
● Mostly because wrong configuration
● Defined by IANA
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HUB, switch, router
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How a Router works? (gateway, ARP, routing table)
ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
Host A
10.0.2.1/24
10.0.1.90/24
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4
Layer 2
Layer 3
Router Host B
10.0.1.1/24
10.0.2.90/24
From Host A to Router
source destination
Layer 3 10.0.1.90 10.0.2.90
Layer 2 MAC1 MAC2
From Router to Host B
source destination
Layer 3 10.0.1.90 10.0.2.90
Layer 2 MAC3 MAC4 (after
ARP operation)
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What is routing table?
● A table at router that is used to
forward packet
● Available on every devices (router
and host)
● Entry is executed sequentially
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192.168.0.0/26
R1
192.168.0.1/26
192.168.0.3/26
192.168.0.2/26
R3
R2
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.3.3/24
192.168.3.9/24
192.168.2.9/24
192.168.2.2/24
192.168.1.1/24
192.168.1.9/24
destination gateway
192.168.0.0/26 direct
192.168.1.0/24 direct
192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2
192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3
192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2
0.0.0.0/0 (default gw) 192.168.0.3

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IPv6
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So what has really changed?
● IPv6 does not interoperate with IPv4
○ Separate protocol working independently of IPv4
○ Deliberate design intention
○ Simplify IP headers to remove unused or unnecessary fields
○ Fixed length headers to “make it easier for chip designers and software engineers”
● Expanded address space
● Address length quadrupled to 16 bytes
● IPv6 header is twice as long (40 bytes) as IPv4 header without options (20
bytes)
● No checksum at the IP network layer p No hop-by-hop fragmentation
● Path MTU discovery
● 64 bits aligned
● Authentication and Privacy Capabilities, IPsec
● No more broadcast
● No ARP
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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Comparison
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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IPv6 representation
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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IPv6 representation
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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IPv6 representation
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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IPv6 addressing rule
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Source: ITU-T IPv6
workshop, 2016

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IPv6 on Mikrotik
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IPv6 on RouterOS
● IPv6 support is not enabled by default
● The package is included
● To enable go to System → Packages
● Select ‘ipv6’ and click Enable
● Reboot the router
● New menu ‘IPv6’ will appear in WinBox
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IPv6 address assignment
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How to assign IPv6 address to client?
● SLAAC
○ For end users
● DHCPv6
○ DHCPv6 for end users
■ not available yet on routerOS → see SLAAC above
○ DHCPv6 PD (prefix delegation)
■ For routers
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Giving IPv6 with SLAAC
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DHCPv6 PD server
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DHCPv6 client PD
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IPv6 consequences
● No NAT
● No hotspot
● No arp (replaced by router discovery - RD)
● Routing protocol
○ BGP (requires ipv6 support)
○ OSPFv3 (for IPv6)
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LIVE practice
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preparation
● SSH client
● SSH parameters
○ SSH address
○ SSH port
○ SSH username
○ SSH password
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Q & A
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Interested? Just come to our training...
● Topics are arranged in systematic and logical way
● You will learn from experienced teacher
● Not only learn the materials, but also sharing experiences, best-practices, and
networking
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End of slides
● Thank you for your attention
● Please submit your feedback: http://bit.ly/glcfeedback
● Find our further event on our website : https://www.glcnetworks.com/en/
● Like our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/glcnetworks
● Slide: https://www.slideshare.net/glcnetworks/
● Recording (youtube): https://www.youtube.com/c/GLCNetworks
● Stay tune with our schedule
● Any questions?
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