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IPv6 with Mikrotik
The document is a presentation for a webinar on IPv6 and MikroTik by Achmad Mardiansyah from GLC Networks, covering basic networking concepts, the differences between IPv4 and IPv6, and practical implementation on MikroTik routers. It includes an introduction, prerequisites, live practice sessions, and a Q&A segment, encouraging attendees to share their experiences. The session aims at enhancing understanding of internet protocols and their applications in modern networking.
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IPv6 with Mikrotik
- 1. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 with mikrotik GLC Webinar, 15Apr 2021 Achmad Mardiansyah achmad@glcnetworks.com GLC Networks, Indonesia 1
- 2. www.glcnetworks.com Agenda ● Introduction ● Reviewprerequisite knowledge ● How IP works ● IPv6 on mikrotik ● Live practice ● Q & A 2
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- 4. www.glcnetworks.com What is GLC? ●Garda Lintas Cakrawala (www.glcnetworks.com) ● Based in Bandung, Indonesia ● Areas: Training, IT Consulting ● Certified partner for: Mikrotik, Ubiquity, Linux foundation ● Product: GLC radius manager ● Regular event 4
- 5. www.glcnetworks.com Trainer Introduction ● Name:Achmad Mardiansyah ● Base: bandung, Indonesia ● Linux user since 1999, mikrotik user since 2007, UBNT 2011 ● Mikrotik Certified Trainer (MTCNA/RE/WE/UME/INE/TCE/IPv6) ● Mikrotik/Linux Certified Consultant ● Website contributor: achmadjournal.com, mikrotik.tips, asysadmin.tips ● More info: http://au.linkedin.com/in/achmadmardiansyah 5
- 6. www.glcnetworks.com Past experience 6 ● 2021(Congo DRC, Malaysia): network support, radius/billing integration ● 2020 (Congo DRC, Malaysia): IOT integration, network automation ● 2019, Congo (DRC): build a wireless ISP from ground-up ● 2018, Malaysia: network revamp, develop billing solution and integration, setup dynamic routing ● 2017, Libya (north africa): remote wireless migration for a new Wireless ISP ● 2016, United Kingdom: workshop for wireless ISP, migrating a bridged to routed network
- 7. www.glcnetworks.com About GLC webinar? ●First webinar: january 1, 2010 (title: tahun baru bersama solaris - new year with solaris OS) ● As a sharing event with various topics: linux, networking, wireless, database, programming, etc ● Regular schedule ● Irregular schedule: as needed ● Checking schedule: http://www.glcnetworks.com/schedule ● You are invited to be a presenter ○ No need to be an expert ○ This is a forum for sharing: knowledge, experiences, information 7
- 8. www.glcnetworks.com Please introduce yourself ●Your name ● Your company/university? ● Your networking experience? ● Your mikrotik experience? ● Your expectation from this course? 8
- 9. www.glcnetworks.com Prerequisite ● This presentationsome prerequisite knowledge ● We assume you already understand: ○ How computer network works ○ How routing works ○ IPv4 addressing (subnetting) ○ 9
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- 11. www.glcnetworks.com How internet works Abit of history... ● Initially, research project (’70-’80s) – Open, cooperative, public domain ○ “Rough consensus and running code” ● Then, product of liberalisation (’90s) – Also, catalyst for deregulation ○ Commercial, competitive environment ● Now, public utility and critical infrastructure (since 2000 and beyond) ○ “Internet governance” is a recent afterthought 11 Source: APNIC
- 12. www.glcnetworks.com Before internet... ● Computernetworking already exist… but many are proprietary 12 Source: APNIC
- 13. www.glcnetworks.com Internet defines astandard for communication 13 Source: APNIC
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- 15. www.glcnetworks.com Why use internet ●Open ○ Free standards and implementations – Low barrier to entry ● Lightweight ○ “Dumb”: simple and efficient ○ Intelligence at the edges: in applications and devices ● Global ○ Uniform, “End-to-End” ● Neutral ○ By default 15 Source: APNIC
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- 17. www.glcnetworks.com Layers in traditionalcommunication 17 Source: APNIC
- 18. www.glcnetworks.com Layers in internetcommunication 18 Source: APNIC
- 19. www.glcnetworks.com We need standards ●Standards operate at different levels of the network “stack” ○ in fact they define the stack ● A standard (or protocol) is simply an agreement ○ among members of a community, ○ on a set of guidelines or rules, ○ which allow cooperation (interoperability), ○ sometimes, in a forum such as ISO, ITU, W3C or IETF. ● An open standard is a standard which is ○ Developed through open and accessible processes ○ Freely accessible, implementable and usable ○ Available without barriers such as licenses and fees. ○ ... “ideally”, at least. 19 Source: APNIC
- 20. www.glcnetworks.com Addressing, IANA, RIR ●Internet is based on IP (internet protocol) addressing scheme -> RFC791 ● Addressing has to be unique. ● We need an international body that regulates IP addressing -> IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) ● IANA delegates (some of its authority) to RIR “Regional Internet Registry” ● RIR delegates to country’s ● Every organisation must have IP address block to join the internet and build a routing scheme among their equipment 20
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- 23. www.glcnetworks.com Your ISP andyou ● ISP is an organisation that is part of internet that provides connectivity to their customers ○ Identified by their AS (Autonomous System) number ○ Identified by their IP address block ● When you connect to internet, you will use your ISP’s address 23 Your ISP. and you are part of them other ISP other ISP google facebook
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- 25. www.glcnetworks.com 7 OSI layer& protocol 25 ● OSI layer Is a conceptual model from ISO (International Standard Organization) for project OSI (Open System Interconnection) ● When you send a message with a courier, you need to add more info to get your message arrived at the destination (This process is called encapsulation) ● What is protocol ○ Is a set of rules for communication ○ Available on each layer ● Communication consist of series encapsulation ○ SDU: service data unit (before PDU) ○ PDU: protocol data unit (after header is added)
- 26. www.glcnetworks.com Layered model (TCP/IPvs ISO) and encapsulation 26 / datagram
- 27. www.glcnetworks.com Layer 4 header(which one is TCP?) 27
- 28. www.glcnetworks.com Layer 3 header(which one is IPv4?) 28
- 29. www.glcnetworks.com Ethernet header (whichis the MTU?) 29
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- 31. www.glcnetworks.com Did you notice? ●There is a big overhead on encapsulation process ● More encapsulation means less payload? 31
- 32. www.glcnetworks.com Layer 2 vsLayer 3 addressing 32 Layer 2 Layer 3 ● Burned-in address ● Adjacent communication ● Consist of 48 bit binary, written in HEX format. 1 HEX = 4 bit ● Unique for every physical port ● 6 first HEX digit -> represent the manufacturer ● Logical address ● End-to-end communication ● IPv4 32 bit long ● 2 versions: IPv4 (our focus) and IPv6 ● Consist of network part & host part ● Can be class based IP address (without subnet) ● Now it is classless IP address -> VLSM (variable length subnet mask) ● CIDR (classless inter domain routing)
- 33. www.glcnetworks.com IP spec (RFC791) ● Defined long time ago (what 1981?) ● Defines how the IP header looks like ● Still used up to know ● New version -> IPv6 33
- 34. www.glcnetworks.com How the layer3 address look like? ● IPv4 address is 32 bit long ● Written in binary -> always think in binary ● Displayed to human in decimal every 8 bit (octet). ● Has 2 parts: network part and host part ● Like a phone number 0812 XXXXXXXX -> hierarchical ● All devices in the network will have same network part ● First and last address cannot be used (for network id and broadcast id) 34 Network part host part
- 35. www.glcnetworks.com Layer 3 connectionand addressing ● Devices that uses layer 3 information: router and host ● All devices must have a layer 3 address ● address is hierarchical ○ Network part (e.g. 192.168.0.2/26 -> the first 26 bit of all host in the network will be the same) -> show the grouping identity -> aka. prefix ○ Host part 35 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24
- 36. www.glcnetworks.com VLSM RFC ● Variable-LengthSubnet Masking (VLSM) ● Can divide an IP address block into subnets of different sizes using / (slash) notation ● Solution the in efficient of classful IP address (fixed length). No more class A, B, C ● RFC: 1878 (1895) ● Basis for CIDR ● Example: 23.45.0.0/17 ○ 23.45.0.0/25 ○ 23.45.0.128/25 36
- 37. www.glcnetworks.com CIDR RFC ● CIDR:Classless Inter-Domain Routing ● Provides a new and more flexible way to specify network addresses in routers (using slash as notation) ● allow flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. ● CIDR lets a routing table entry represent an aggregation of networks that exist in the forward path ● Each IP address has a network prefix that identifies their network ● RFC: 1519 37
- 38. www.glcnetworks.com What is subnet?How to write it? ● A technique for grouping IP address into a network ● The IP addresses will have similar property: Network ID (network address / prefix) ● Example: an IP address 192.168.1.78/26. Meaning: ○ Network ID = 192.168.1.64 ○ Submask is 26 bit = 255.255.255.192 ○ Broadcast ID = 192.168.1.127 ○ Useable address: 192.168.1.65-192.168.1.126 38
- 39. www.glcnetworks.com What are Private,public IP, Network Address Translation? 39 Private IP Public IP ● Private IP is used privately (internal organisation) ● Duplicated in many organisations ● Public IP is used globally (internet) ● Must be unique ● Usually borrowed from ISP (e.g. ADSL) NAT
- 40. www.glcnetworks.com What is IPbogon? ● IP that is not allowed to be appeared in the internet ● Example: http://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/BOGON_Address_List ● Mostly because wrong configuration ● Defined by IANA 40
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- 42. www.glcnetworks.com How a Routerworks? (gateway, ARP, routing table) ARP = Address Resolution Protocol Host A 10.0.2.1/24 10.0.1.90/24 MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 Layer 2 Layer 3 Router Host B 10.0.1.1/24 10.0.2.90/24 From Host A to Router source destination Layer 3 10.0.1.90 10.0.2.90 Layer 2 MAC1 MAC2 From Router to Host B source destination Layer 3 10.0.1.90 10.0.2.90 Layer 2 MAC3 MAC4 (after ARP operation) 42
- 43. www.glcnetworks.com What is routingtable? ● A table at router that is used to forward packet ● Available on every devices (router and host) ● Entry is executed sequentially 43 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 (default gw) 192.168.0.3
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- 45. www.glcnetworks.com So what hasreally changed? ● IPv6 does not interoperate with IPv4 ○ Separate protocol working independently of IPv4 ○ Deliberate design intention ○ Simplify IP headers to remove unused or unnecessary fields ○ Fixed length headers to “make it easier for chip designers and software engineers” ● Expanded address space ● Address length quadrupled to 16 bytes ● IPv6 header is twice as long (40 bytes) as IPv4 header without options (20 bytes) ● No checksum at the IP network layer p No hop-by-hop fragmentation ● Path MTU discovery ● 64 bits aligned ● Authentication and Privacy Capabilities, IPsec ● No more broadcast ● No ARP 45 Source: ITU-T IPv6 workshop, 2016
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- 47. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 representation 47 Source: ITU-TIPv6 workshop, 2016
- 48. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 representation 48 Source: ITU-TIPv6 workshop, 2016
- 49. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 representation 49 Source: ITU-TIPv6 workshop, 2016
- 50. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 addressing rule 50 Source:ITU-T IPv6 workshop, 2016
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- 52. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 on RouterOS ●IPv6 support is not enabled by default ● The package is included ● To enable go to System → Packages ● Select ‘ipv6’ and click Enable ● Reboot the router ● New menu ‘IPv6’ will appear in WinBox 52
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- 54. www.glcnetworks.com How to assignIPv6 address to client? ● SLAAC ○ For end users ● DHCPv6 ○ DHCPv6 for end users ■ not available yet on routerOS → see SLAAC above ○ DHCPv6 PD (prefix delegation) ■ For routers 54
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- 58. www.glcnetworks.com IPv6 consequences ● NoNAT ● No hotspot ● No arp (replaced by router discovery - RD) ● Routing protocol ○ BGP (requires ipv6 support) ○ OSPFv3 (for IPv6) 58
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- 60. www.glcnetworks.com preparation ● SSH client ●SSH parameters ○ SSH address ○ SSH port ○ SSH username ○ SSH password 60
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- 62. www.glcnetworks.com Interested? Just cometo our training... ● Topics are arranged in systematic and logical way ● You will learn from experienced teacher ● Not only learn the materials, but also sharing experiences, best-practices, and networking 62
- 63. www.glcnetworks.com End of slides ●Thank you for your attention ● Please submit your feedback: http://bit.ly/glcfeedback ● Find our further event on our website : https://www.glcnetworks.com/en/ ● Like our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/glcnetworks ● Slide: https://www.slideshare.net/glcnetworks/ ● Recording (youtube): https://www.youtube.com/c/GLCNetworks ● Stay tune with our schedule ● Any questions? 63