Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
What is construction management & its Benefits?maria_singh
Construction Management is one of the basic things that is required to manage all the construction project from beginning till end. Check out some top benefits of construction management.
Types of Contract in Construction ManagementShahin MB
Types of Contract in Construction Management
Lump Sum Contract
Cost plus Fixed fee
Cost plus bid fee contract
Guaranteed Maximum
Negotiated
Unit price Contract
Design build
turn key contract
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
What is construction management & its Benefits?maria_singh
Construction Management is one of the basic things that is required to manage all the construction project from beginning till end. Check out some top benefits of construction management.
Types of Contract in Construction ManagementShahin MB
Types of Contract in Construction Management
Lump Sum Contract
Cost plus Fixed fee
Cost plus bid fee contract
Guaranteed Maximum
Negotiated
Unit price Contract
Design build
turn key contract
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Construction Managemnt
CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS / LEADERS
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS GROUPS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE AREAS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Construction planning_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil E...A Makwana
Planning can be defined as drawing up a method of acting, doing, proceeding.
It is thinking ahead of the activities to be performed.
In planning one is foresee and anticipate about the events which are likely to delay the attainment of stated goal.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Construction Managemnt
CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS / LEADERS
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS GROUPS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE AREAS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Construction planning_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil E...A Makwana
Planning can be defined as drawing up a method of acting, doing, proceeding.
It is thinking ahead of the activities to be performed.
In planning one is foresee and anticipate about the events which are likely to delay the attainment of stated goal.
Project management process_Infrastructure Engineering and Management (2170611...A Makwana
What is Project?
Organizations perform work. Work generally involves either operations or projects, although the two may overlap.
Operations and projects share many characteristics; for example, they are
Performed by people
Constrained by limited resources
Planned, executed and controlled
Role of PMC in Construction of Collector Well Project, a Case StudyIJERA Editor
The rapid expansion and intricacy in the construction industry cause difficulties in maintaining performance, time, and quality services of a construction project, which leads to the failure to meet the scope and objective of a project. In addition, improper planning, widespread dependence, and low availability of materials increase the cost of the construction project. To manage such issues, Project Management Consultancy is one of the management solutions that have been widely used. Project Management Consultancy plays a multifaceted role in providing services from the beginning of construction to its completion. Project Management Consultancy makes sure whether we are moving in the right pathway according to the planned schedule. Use of Project Management Consultancy offers constructive management solution for the proper execution of work, improved performance, quality, and outcome of the project. The objective of this paper is to study the role and responsibilities of Project Management Consultancy while executing a project and the risks associated with it. This research is carried out via a case study of the construction of an industrial project governed by a Project Management Consultancy from preconstruction phase to completion.
Scope management_Infrastructure Engineering and Management (2170611) (Semeste...A Makwana
Project Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the project successfully.
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
1. Construction Project
2. Phases of a Construction Project
3. Importance of Construction and Construction
Industry
4. Indian Construction Industry
5. Construction Management
6. Importance of Planning, Scheduling and Controlling
Projects
Prof. Ashish Makwana 2
3. CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Project
A Project is defined as a temporary
endeavour undertaken to create a unique
product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction
project is the constructed facility such as a
building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a
canal, a factory etc.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 3
4. Construction projects
Construction projects involve varying
manpower and their duration can range
from a few weeks to more than five years.
Each construction project is ‘unique’
and ‘temporary’ in nature and so is the
management involved.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 4
5. Construction projects
Unique Features of a Construction Project
One time activity
A start and finish
Complexity
Involvement of several people on an adhoc
basis
Limited set of resources
High cost
A time frame for completion
Prof. Ashish Makwana 5
6. High risk of failure
Difficulty in defining quality standards
Sequencing of activities and phases
No practice/rehearsals
Uniqueness of people relationship
Lack of experience of client/owner
Feedback mechanism
High level of subcontracting
Uncertainty exists
Prof. Ashish Makwana 6
7. PHASES OF
A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Briefing stage
Designing stage
Tendering stage
Construction stage
Commissioning stage
Prof. Ashish Makwana 7
8. 1. Briefing stage
• This stage is also called the ‘Report
stage’.
• It is the stage where ideas originated by
individuals are studied with regard to cost
and benefits so as to establish the
economic viability/social utility of a project.
Purpose
• The purpose of the briefing stage is to
enable the client to specify project
functions and permissible costs.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 8
9. Activities (Briefing stage)
• To appoint a project committee, if
necessary.
• To appoint a project manager who will have
a continuing responsibility to the client
through out the construction project.
• To carry out technical and non-technical
investigation so that alternative proposals
may be given due consideration.
• To study the various alternatives and
identify the most feasible one.
• To prepare the project report which is the
outcome of the first stage.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 9
11. 2. Designing stage
• It is a very important stage in the field of
construction because any modification of the
project after this stage would prove
expensive.
• A realistic and detailed cost estimate of
the project can be prepared during the
design stage.
Purpose
• The purpose of this stage is to complete the
project summary and determine the
method of construction and estimated
costs so as to obtain necessary approvals
from the client.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 11
12. Activities (Designing stage)
• To develop the project summary for the
final adoption of the most suitable alternative.
• To carry out technical investigations such
as,
– Soil investigation
– Topographic investigation
– Materials surveys
– Market surveys
• To prepare detailed design, working
drawings, specifications, bill of quantities,
final cost estimate and preliminary
construction programme.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 12
13. 3. Tendering stage
• During this stage tenders are invited and
the contract is awarded at the best
available terms agreed mutually between
the owner’s team and the contractors.
Purpose
• The purpose of the tendering stage is to
appoint a contractor who will undertake
the construction work on the most suitable
terms and conditions of quality, cost and
completion time.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 13
14. Activities (Tendering stage)
• To invite tenders from the contractors for the
construction work and to award the contract.
• Pre-qualification of contractors involves an
investigation of the potential of contractor’s
financial, managerial and physical resources,
contractor’s experience of handling similar
projects, etc.
• To prepare contract documents, to be
signed by the client and the contractor.
• Holding a pre-bid conference and providing
the necessary information.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 14
15. Activities (Tendering stage)
• Negotiating contract price with qualified
contractor.
• Reviewing documents submitted by
contractor.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 15
16. 4. Construction stage
• The construction stage involves the
execution of construction work as per
the design, drawing and within agreed
limits of time, cost and specified quality.
Construction Planning Activities
• Construction schedule
• Manpower schedule
• Material delivery schedule
• Plant and equipment schedule
Prof. Ashish Makwana 16
17. Control of site operations Activities
• Supply of materials and equipment
• Supervision for quality control
• Co-ordination among sub-contractors
• Supervision for quality control
• Supply of necessary drawings
Prof. Ashish Makwana 17
18. 5. Commissioning stage
• It is the stage in which the performance
of the structure is evaluated and the
proposed nature of maintenance and
repair are considered.
Purpose
• The purpose of this stage is to ensure that
the construction work has been carried
out as per the drawing and
specifications and all the facilities
developed function properly as
envisaged in the design.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 18
19. Activities (Commissioning stage)
• To keep various records of actual work.
• To inspect the construction work
thoroughly and have any defects rectifies.
• To prepare operating instructions and
maintenance manuals.
• To carry out tests for performance, such
as water tightness, strength etc.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 19
20. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION
AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• Construction is an important part of real
estate and infrastructure such as:
• Real estate
– Residential
– Industrial
– Corporate
– Commercial
Prof. Ashish Makwana 20
21. • Infrastructure
– Roads
– Railways
– Urban infrastructure
– Ports
– Airports
– Power
• The importance of construction can be gauged
from the fact that cost of construction of
certain infrastructure projects may be as high
as 60 to 80% of the total project cost.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 21
22. • Construction is recognized as the basic input
for socio-economic development of a country.
• Since construction industry is dependent on a
number of industries, its growth in other
industries as well.
– Development of building materials industry
– Development of construction equipments
industry
Prof. Ashish Makwana 22
23. • Construction products such as buildings,
bridges, roads, power plants have a long life
as compared to the products of other
industries.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 23
24. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Factors in favour of Indian construction industry
• Availability of cheap labour
• Availability of qualified professionals
• Large number of construction companies
• Actual shortage of housing
• Boost from the government
• Growth in industrial sector
Prof. Ashish Makwana 24
25. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (continued..)
Factors against the Indian construction industry
• Low productivity
• Low ratio of skilled to unskilled workers
• High cost of finance
• Complicated tax structure
• Presence of small contractors who lack
financial and technology backup
• Negligible investment in R & D
• Competition from multinational companies
Prof. Ashish Makwana 25
26. Investment Opportunities in Construction in
India
• Construction development in residential,
retail, commercial and hospitality sectors
• Technology and solutions for smart
sustainable cities
• Technology for the promotion of low cost
housing
• Green building solutions
• Smart cities
• Sustainable and environmental friendly
building materialsProf. Ashish Makwana 26
27. • Training and Skill development of
construction sector workers
• Urban water supply, Sewage, Sewage
treatment, Solid waste management
Prof. Ashish Makwana 27
28. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
• Project Management is the art and science of
mobilising and managing people, materials,
equipment and money to complete the
assigned project work on time, within budgeted
costs and specified technical performance
standards.
• Construction Management may be defined as
the management in which group of people of
different categories works together, to execute
the project economically without affecting the
quality in a well planned and organised manner.Prof. Ashish Makwana 28
29. Scope of Construction Management
• Planning and estimating
• Execution of works
• Financial management
• Material management
• Equipment management
• Labour management
• Site layout
• Equipments and Materials plant location
• Labour relationships
• Industrial psychology for smooth flow of work
Prof. Ashish Makwana 29
30. Need of Construction Management
• Co-ordination between different agencies
• Economy in Construction
• Development of management and machinery
• Speed of Construction
• Quality Control of materials and workmanship
Prof. Ashish Makwana 30
31. Objectives of Construction Management
• Completing the work within estimated budget.
• Completing the work within specified time.
• The Quality and workmanship should be better.
• The work should be executed as per specification.
• Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions
for all personnel and workers.
• Taking sound decisions at the lowest practical
management level through delegation of authority.
• Motivating people to give their best within their
capacities.
• Creating an organisation that works as a team.
• Achieving economy in the construction.Prof. Ashish Makwana 31
32. Phases / Functions of Construction Management
• Planning and Scheduling
• Organising
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling
• Co-ordinating
• Communication
Prof. Ashish Makwana 32
33. Planning - Planning involves formulation of a number
of alternative of realistic work plans for achieving
specified objectives and finally selecting a plan which is
best suited from the standpoint of available resources
and constraints imposed upon the project.
• Planning is the administrative process which
translates the policy into a method of achieving the
objectives.
• How a project will be carried out?
• What materials will be used?
• What equipment and machineries will be utilized?
• What men and staff will be employed?
‘What to do?’ and ‘How to do?’
Prof. Ashish Makwana 33
34. Scheduling - Scheduling is the fitting of the final work
plan to a time scale. It shows the duration and order of
various construction activities.
‘When to do?’
• Time plan
• Resources plan
• Plan for controlling project
• Schedule of design and drawing preparation
• Work quantities
• Progress of work planned
• Resource allocations
• Budget costs
Prof. Ashish Makwana 34
35. Organising – Organising is concerned with division of
the total construction work into manageable sections
and systematically arranging various operations by
delegating specific tasks to individuals.
Staffing – Organising involve the division of the project
work into sections and staffing is the provision of
people to fill the positions so created.
• Staffing functions- Recruiting the right people,
Arranging staff training courses, Carrying out proper
staff assessment
Prof. Ashish Makwana 35
36. Directing – The directing function is concerned with
training sub-ordinates to carry out assigned tasks,
supervising their work and guiding their efforts.
• The essence of directing lies in the ability to
motivate people individually and as groups to utilize
their creative efforts in achieving specified
objectives.
Controlling – Controlling is necessary for ensuring
effective and efficient working.
• It involves a constant review of the work plan to
check on actual achievements and to discover and
rectify deviations through appropriate corrective
measures.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 36
37. Co-ordinating – This is a process where the framework
of the organization is made to operate smoothly with
the flow of information, decisions and results in every
direction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 37
39. Planning
• Planning aims at formulation of a time based plan of
action for co-ordinating various activities and
resources to achieve specified objectives.
• Planning is the process of developing the project
plan.
Benefits (Planning)
• Project plan clearly defines project’s scope of work.
• Project plan aids the management in performing its
functions efficiently and effectively.
• Project plan identifies critical activities.
• Project plan provides the yard-stick for measuring
progress and evaluating resources performance.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 39
40. Benefits (Planning)…
• A project plan maintains continuity of work, specially
when project organisation is temporary and its
staffing is transient in nature.
• Project plans provide the basis of coordinating the
efforts of clients, consultants, architects, designers,
quantity surveyors, suppliers, contractors and the
project staff.
• Project plan creates healthy environment.
• It commits individuals to tasks and motivates them
to achieve challenging targets.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 40
41. Benefits (Scheduling)
• Schedule simplify a project plan.
• Schedule validates time objectives.
• Schedule aids in the optimization of resources
employed.
• Schedule enables forecasting of input resources like
man, materials and machinery.
• Schedule brings out implications of time and
resources constraints.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 41
42. Benefits (Controlling)
• The control system aids the management at various
levels to perform its functions efficiently and
effectively for achieving the overall project objectives.
Benefits (At each level of management for Controlling)
(a) Operational control at supervisory level
(b) Administrative control at managerial level
(c) Directional Control at General Manager (GM) /
Project Manager (PM) level
(d) Strategic control at corporate level
Prof. Ashish Makwana 42
43. Benefits (At each level of management for
Controlling)…
(a) Operational control at supervisory level
• Minimizing unproductive man hours
• Preventing wastage of materials
• Economizing plant and machinery utilization
• Reducing activity execution time
Prof. Ashish Makwana 43
44. (b) Administrative control at managerial level
• Updating the work quantities status and determining
the balance scope of work
• Analyzing project time status
• Evaluating production cost status and forecasting
future trends
• Calculating income status and forecasting cash
inflows
• Computing budget status and forecasting cash inflows
Prof. Ashish Makwana 44
45. (c) Directional Control at General Manager (GM) /
Project Manager (PM) level
• Analyzing project time – cost behaviour and making
decisions on time saving when required
• Reviewing project cost and profitability, and making
profitability improvement decisions
• Auditing management’s performance
(d) Strategic control at corporate level
• Determining overall profitability
• Budgeting and allocating funds and resources
• Updating the company’s planning norms and unit
rates for securing future works
Prof. Ashish Makwana 45
46. Construction Project Categories
• Building construction
• Infrastructure construction
• Industrial construction
• Special – purpose projects
Prof. Ashish Makwana 46
47. Building construction
• Residential buildings
• Commercial buildings
• Educational buildings
• Recreational buildings
• Hospitals and hotels
• Warehouse and marketing facilities
Prof. Ashish Makwana 47
48. Infrastructure construction
• Highways and expressways
• Dams and canals
• Airports
• Railways
• Bridges
• Oil / gas pipelines
• Large water supply and sewerage networks
• Docks and harbours
• Nuclear and thermal power plants
Prof. Ashish Makwana 48
49. Industrial construction
• Construction of steel plants
• Petroleum refineries
• Chemical and Fertilizer plants
• Consumer goods factories
• Automobile and aircraft industry
Prof. Ashish Makwana 49
50. Special – purpose projects
• Environmental works
• Emergencies
• Remedial works
• Installation and commissioning of equipment
Classification of projects based on completion time
• Large duration projects (over 10 years)
• Medium duration projects (3 to 10 years)
• Short duration projects (few months to 3 years)
• Special short term projects (less than 1 year)
Prof. Ashish Makwana 50
51. Classification of projects based on project value
• Mega value projects (say over $1000 million)
• Large value projects ($ 100 million to $ 1000 million)
• Medium value projects ($ 10 million to $ 100 million)
• Small value projects (less than $ 10 million)
Prof. Ashish Makwana 51
52. Classification of projects based on plant and
equipment
Light Construction
• Residential buildings
• Educational buildings
• Recreational buildings
• Commercial buildings
• Schools, hotels
• Small bridges, water tanks
• Shopping centers
Prof. Ashish Makwana 52
53. Classification of projects based on plant and
equipment…
Heavy Construction
• Dams, barrages, tunnels
• Highways, railways, airports
• Harbours
• Multispan bridges with well / pile foundations
Prof. Ashish Makwana 53
55. Resources for Construction Industry
• Man power – Man power in the form of technical and
managerial personnel and work force in various
trades is essential to carry out project activities.
• Money – Adequate funds should be available for
smooth implementation of the project.
• Materials – bricks, steel, stones, timber, aggregate,
scaffolding, cement, water supply and sanitary
fittings, lime, petrol, oil, lubricants
• Machinery – batching and mixing plants, Mixers,
crushers, Trucks, dumpers, tractors, Rollers, Powers,
Cranes, excavators, hoist, Pumps, generators
Prof. Ashish Makwana 55
56. Stakeholders of a Construction Project
(Construction Team)
• Owner
• Engineers / Architects
• Contractors
Prof. Ashish Makwana 56
57. Owner – The owner in a building or engineering project
may be an individual, group of individuals, private or
public undertaking.
Responsibilities of the owner
• The owner is supposed to provide necessary site on
which the proposed work is to be constructed.
• The owner should appoint an engineer, to look after
the technical requirements of the work.
• The owner should supply necessary plans and
working drawings through his architect to the
contractor in time so that the work is not
unnecessarily delayed.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 57
58. Responsibilities of the owner…
• The owner should respect the conditions of contract
concerning his powers and duties.
• The owner should provide necessary work front to
the contractor so that work is not delayed.
• The owner should make necessary arrangement for
the funds required for the construction of the work
so that regular payments shall be made to the
contractor.
• It is desirable that the owner should pass all the
instructions to the contractor through his engineer.
• The owner should supply materials and issue
machinery, if it is a part of the contract.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 58
59. Responsibilities of the owner…
• The owner should make arrangements to record the
measurement of items in time before they are
covered up in the subsequent execution of work.
• The owner should not interfere with the progress of
the work and should not pass such instructions which
will lead to the problems of extra items, liquidated
damages, etc.
• The owner should not suspend the work temporarily
unless it appears to be in his interest to do so.
• To take over possession of the completed work timely
from the contractor.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 59
60. Engineers and architects
• This includes structural, mechanical and
electrical engineers, architects, quantity
surveyors, specialists such as structural
consultants, safety and maintenance planners,
soil investigators etc.
Responsibility of engineer
• To organize and supervise the execution of work
and to see that they are suitably and
economically carried out with specified quality
of materials.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 60
61. Responsibility of engineer…
• It is the duty of the executive engineer to
prepare estimate of proposed works through his
subordinates and submit the same to his
superintending engineer.
• The engineer is responsible for explaining the
plans and provisions of the specifications.
• The engineer is responsible for giving all lines
and levels required in connection with the work.
• It is his duty to invite tenders for works valued
within his power, after obtaining administrative
and technical sanction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 61
62. Responsibility of engineer…
• In certain complicated items, the engineer
should give the sequence of operations and
should explain method of construction in detail
to the contractor.
• It is duty of the engineer to prepare
specifications for the work and to see that these
specifications are accurate, proper and
reasonable for the work.
• The assistant engineer is responsible for taking
detailed measurement of works during progress
and to enter the same in M.B. and prepare bills
for payment. Prof. Ashish Makwana 62
63. Responsibility of engineer…
• To see that machinery likely to be used on works
are properly maintenance and safely house.
• To keep tools and plants in working conditions
and arrange to protect surplus stock from
deterioration.
• To prevent encroachment on government lands
under his division.
• The engineer is responsible for the acts of his
assistants or other agencies employed by him.
• It is also the duty of the engineer to assist the
court of law or the arbitrator during the hearing
of the dispute. Prof. Ashish Makwana 63
64. Contractor
• The contractor may be an individual undertaking
small or big need the services of qualified
engineers.
Responsibilities of the contractor
• The contractor is responsible to provide all the
materials, labour, equipments, etc. required
under the provisions of the contract for the
execution of the work.
• The contractor should carry out the work as per
plans and specifications and as per directions
given by the engineer.Prof. Ashish Makwana 64
65. Responsibilities of the contractor…
• The contractor should inform the supervising
engineer before taking up any new item and
before covering up of any work.
• The contractor should appoint a qualified
person on site of the work to whom instructions
and directions can be imparted.
• The contractor is responsible for any damage to
the persons or adjoining properties during
execution of the work.
• The contractor should submit the bills of work
as and when required.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 65
66. Responsibilities of the contractor…
• The contractor is responsible to respect all the
prevailing labour laws and should make regular
payments to his labourers as well as to the
subcontractors.
• The contractor should give all the required
assistance to the engineer for establishing the
lines and levels of the work.
• The contractor is responsible for arranging for
the permit of the controlled materials and for
paying fees and royalties for the use of patented
articles.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 66
67. Responsibilities of the contractor…
• The contractor is responsible for the safety of all
the labourers and personnel working at the site
and should provide safety shoes, helmets etc. to
the workmen.
• To handover the completed work in a sound
condition.
• The contractor should submit his claims for extra
items in due time.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 67
68. Interaction between Owner, Engineer and
Contractor
1. Co-relation between the Owner and an Engineer
• As the owner finances the project and employs an
engineer who agrees to perform his professional
duties with reasonable efforts and skill.
• If an engineer makes an unfortunate mistake, in
spite of due skill, he is not liable for his mistake
unless the owner proves that he failed to perform
his duty carefully.
• It is responsibility of the engineer to plan things
for the owner economically.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 68
69. 2. Co-relation between an Engineer and Contractor
• There is much co-relation between an engineer
and a contractor as the latter executes the work in
strict supervision of the former.
• The contractor has to work as per the design and
drawing in consultation with the engineer to avoid
any dispute.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 69
70. Causes of delay in construction project
• Unexpected site conditions
• Difficulties in availability of materials
• Difficulties in availability of labours
• Weather conditions – heavy rain
• Delay in issue of construction drawings
• Lack of liaison between contractor and Engineer
• Delay in clarifying bills
• Cash flow and financial constraints
• Dispute between contractor and owner/engineer
Prof. Ashish Makwana 70
71. Engineer and Construction Economy
• To adopt such construction methods which would
result in the lowest practical cost of the project.
• Using as simple design as possible.
• Making use of locally available materials.
• Encouraging the use of materials of commercial
sizes.
• Making use of cost saving equipments and
adopting proper construction methods.
• Furnishing adequate foundation details, wherever
necessary.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 71
72. Engineer and Construction Economy…
• Using standard specifications with which the
contractor is familiar.
• Providing suitable checks on costs of labour,
materials, equipments, supervision charges, etc.
• Engaging supervisors who have sufficient
judgement and experience in construction.
• Providing necessary work front to the contractor
to avoid any delay in construction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 72
73. Contractor and Construction Economy
• Prebidding studies of the project on the following
aspects will effect economy.
– Topography of the area
– Climate
– Sources of materials
– Geology
– Availability of labour
– Local services, power, fuel, water
– Access to the site
– Storage facilities for materials and equipments
Prof. Ashish Makwana 73
74. Contractor and Construction Economy
• By employing trained and experienced staff.
• Using alternate construction equipment having
higher capacity and efficiency but lower operating
cost.
• Maintaining the construction equipments in
proper working conditions.
• Maintaining an atmosphere of co-operation with
the labour force.
• Giving liberal incentives to the labour force for
greater output.
• Adopting reliable safety measures to reduce
accidents. Prof. Ashish Makwana 74
75. Contractor and Construction Economy…
• Holding periodic meeting with key personnel and
concerned design engineers to discuss plans,
procedures and results.
• To satisfy himself with a reasonable percentage of
profit.
• Appointing sub-contractors for the specialized
operations.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 75
